I have multiple labels placed on scroll view like:
private func drawDates(_ multiplier: Double){
contentView.subviews.forEach{it in
it.removeFromSuperview()
}
let maximumVisibleDates = 6.0
let dateLabelOffset = Double(UIScreen.main.bounds.size.width / CGFloat(maximumVisibleDates))
let doublePoints = data.findClosestDatePointsForInterval(interval: dateLabelOffset,
multiplier: multiplier)
print(doublePoints)
let datesToShow = data.datesForPoints(points: doublePoints, multiplier: multiplier)
for (index, value) in datesToShow.enumerated(){
if index == datesToShow.count - 1 {
continue
}
let label = UILabel.init(frame: CGRect.init(x: CGFloat(doublePoints[index]),
y: Dimensions.chartHeight.value + Offsets.small.value,
width: Dimensions.dateLabelWidth.value,
height: Dimensions.dateLabelHeight.value))
label.text = redableString(value)
label.font = UIFont.systemFont(ofSize: FontSizes.yLabel.value)
label.textColor = Settings.isLightTheme() ? Colors.LightTheme.textGray.value : Colors.DarkTheme.textGray.value
label.sizeToFit()
contentView.addSubview(label)
}
}
When i call:
contentView.subviews.forEach{it in
it.removeFromSuperview()
}
Actually i want to fade "old" labels from old function call and then add new labels animated. How to do that?
There are 3 ways to remove old view and add new view with animation.
Solution 1:
Set new view alpha to 0 and add it to super view.
Do animation.
Remove old view after animation.
In this case, use for loop in animations block to set alpha, and in completion block to remove old views.
let viewToAdd = ...
viewToAdd.alpha = 0
contentView.addSubview(viewToAdd)
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, animations: {
viewToRemove.alpha = 0
viewToAdd.alpha = 1
}, completion: { (_) in
viewToRemove.removeFromSuperview()
})
Solution 2:
Call transition(with:duration:options:animations:completion:) method. Use .transitionCrossDissolve as options value.
In this case, use for loop in animations block to remove old views and add new views.
UIView.transition(with: contentView,
duration: 1,
options: .transitionCrossDissolve,
animations: {
viewToRemove.removeFromSuperview()
contentView.addSubview(viewToAdd)
}, completion: nil)
Solution 3:
If the number of old views is equal to the number of new views, call transition(from:to:duration:options:completion:) method. Use .transitionCrossDissolve as options value.
In this case, use for loop to call the method.
UIView.transition(from: viewToRemove,
to: viewToAdd,
duration: 1,
options: .transitionCrossDissolve,
completion: nil)
You could leverage the UIView animation API:
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiview/1622515-animatewithduration
Related
I've been having a strong headache with this problem, because I know for a fact should be a simple solution but I can't find the right answer.
The idea is that I have two UIViews (let's call them A and B). All I want to do is to swap their positions on button press, by the A view going down to B position, and B view going up to A position.
Here's what I'm trying to achieve.
I'm trying to achieve that by just swapping the .center of the elements that I need (as A and B are both UIViews that cointains a bunch of elements inside them). This is inside an animation block - UIView.animate
However, what is currently happening is that the animation is performing in exactly the opposite way: The A view would go up the screen, then re-appear in the bottom side of the screen and end up in the desired position (B initial position). Same thing with the B view, it's currently going all the way to the bottom of the screen, then re-appear at the top, and finish the animation in the desired position (A initial position).
This is what is currently happening.
This is my code so far (note that ownAccountTransferView is defined in another file, and below code is placed in my UIViewController that stores that view). I call this function on button press, after swapping the the data (like labels and such) between the two cards.
fileprivate func performSwitchAnimation() {
// NOTE: ownAccountTransferView is a reference to my view, think of it like self.view
let fromAccountCardCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountCardView.center
let fromAccountTypeLabelCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountTypeLabel.center
let fromAccountTypeViewCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountTypeView.center
let fromAccountBalanceLabelCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountBalanceLabel.center
let fromAccountNameLabelCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountNameLabel.center
let fromAccountChevronCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountChevronView.center
let toAccountCardCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountCardView.center
let toAccountTypeLabelCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountTypeLabel.center
let toAccountTypeViewCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountTypeView.center
let toAccountBalanceLabelCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountBalanceLabel.center
let toAccountNameLabelCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountNameLabel.center
let toAccountChevronCenter =
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountChevronView.center
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, delay: 0, options: []) {
self.ownAccountTransferView.switchAccountsButton.isUserInteractionEnabled = false
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountCardView.center = toAccountCardCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountTypeLabel.center = toAccountTypeLabelCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountTypeView.center = toAccountTypeViewCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountBalanceLabel.center = toAccountBalanceLabelCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountNameLabel.center = toAccountNameLabelCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.fromAccountChevronView.center = toAccountChevronCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountCardView.center = fromAccountCardCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountTypeLabel.center = fromAccountTypeLabelCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountTypeView.center = fromAccountTypeViewCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountBalanceLabel.center = fromAccountBalanceLabelCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountNameLabel.center = fromAccountNameLabelCenter
self.ownAccountTransferView.toAccountChevronView.center = fromAccountChevronCenter
} completion: { isDone in
if isDone {
self.ownAccountTransferView.switchAccountsButton.isUserInteractionEnabled = true
}
}
}
So, how can I make the animation work the way I want - A view going to the bottom and B view going to the top?
Thanks in advance.
UPDATE: I fixed it by ussing transform. Tried messing around with animating constraints A LOT, tried every possible interaction between top/bottom constraints, but it would either not do anything at all or just bug my view and send it to hell. I even was insisting with animating constraints in support calls with my coworkers. And so were they.
However, after googling despair measures, I ended up using viewController.myView.myLabel.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: 0, y: 236).
Of course, you can reduce this to: view.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: 0, y: 236).
The value is arbitrary, and I'm not sure if it can some day break or cause undesired behaviour. I tested it on iPhone 8 and iPhone 13, and in both the animations performs just ok (A view goes down, B goes up, click switch and do the opposite, etc...).
Side note: If you gonna use this, you need to NOT copy/paste the values when you need your views to "come back" to where they were at the beginning. I used 236 and -236 for A and B respectively, but to restore them I need to use -2 and 2 or it super bugs out. Idk why tho.
But it works!
Thanks all
Enclose both the views in a parent view and do the following:
if let firstIndex = view.subviews.firstIndex(of: view1), let secondIndex = view.subviews.firstIndex(of: view2) {
let firstViewFrame = view1.frame
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, animations: {
self.view1.frame = self.view2.frame
self.view2.frame = firstViewFrame
self.view.exchangeSubview(at: firstIndex, withSubviewAt: secondIndex)
})
}
Check out the answer here.
EDIT: I was able to achieve the said animation using Autolayout constraints. Basically what I did was have fixed constraints for two views initially. And have two sets of changing constraints - startConstraints and endConstraints. Simply activating and deactivating the constraints did the job. Check out the demo. Here's my code:
class ViewController: UIViewController {
var view1: UIView = {
let v = UIView()
v.backgroundColor = .red
return v
}()
var view2: UIView = {
let v = UIView()
v.backgroundColor = .blue
return v
}()
var button: UIButton = {
let b = UIButton()
b.setTitle("Animate", for: .normal)
b.setTitleColor(.black, for: .normal)
return b
}()
var fixedConstraints: [NSLayoutConstraint]!
var startConstraints: [NSLayoutConstraint]!
var endConstraints: [NSLayoutConstraint]!
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
view.addSubview(view1)
view.addSubview(view2)
view.addSubview(button)
view1.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
view2.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
button.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
fixedConstraints = [
button.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.centerXAnchor),
button.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.centerYAnchor),
view1.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.centerXAnchor),
view2.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.centerXAnchor),
view1.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
view1.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
view2.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
view2.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: 100),
]
startConstraints = [
view1.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.safeAreaLayoutGuide.topAnchor, constant: 0),
view.safeAreaLayoutGuide.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view2.bottomAnchor),
]
startConstraints.append(contentsOf: fixedConstraints)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate(startConstraints)
button.addTarget(self, action: #selector(animateSwitchingOfViews), for: .touchUpInside)
}
#objc
private func animateSwitchingOfViews(){
endConstraints = [
view2.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.safeAreaLayoutGuide.topAnchor, constant: 0),
view.safeAreaLayoutGuide.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo:view1.bottomAnchor)
]
endConstraints.append(contentsOf: fixedConstraints)
UIView.animate(withDuration: 2, animations: {
NSLayoutConstraint.deactivate(self.startConstraints)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate(self.endConstraints)
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
})
}
}
UPDATE: I fixed it by ussing transform. Tried messing around with animating constraints A LOT, tried every possible interaction between top/bottom constraints, but it would either not do anything at all or just bug my view and send it to hell. I even was insisting with animating constraints in support calls with my coworkers. And so were they. However, after googling despair measures, I ended up using viewController.myView.myLabel.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: 0, y: 236).
Of course, you can reduce this to: view.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: 0, y: 236). The value is arbitrary, and I'm not sure if it can some day break or cause undesired behaviour. I tested it on iPhone 8 and iPhone 13, and in both the animations performs just ok (A view goes down, B goes up, click switch and do the opposite, etc...).
Side note: If you gonna use this, you need to NOT copy/paste the values when you need your views to "come back" to where they were at the beginning. I used 236 and -236 for A and B respectively, but to restore them I need to use -2 and 2 or it super bugs out. Idk why tho. But it works! Thanks all
Assuming you want to "swap the centers" and you don't want to modify the constraints / constants, you can use transforms.
Instead of hard-coding values, though, you can do it like this:
// if the views are in their "original" positions
if ownAccountTransferView.transform == .identity {
let xOffset = fromAccountTypeView.center.x - ownAccountTransferView.center.x
let yOffset = fromAccountTypeView.center.y - ownAccountTransferView.center.y
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1.0, animations: {
self.ownAccountTransferView.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: xOffset, y: yOffset)
self.fromAccountTypeView.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: -xOffset, y: -yOffset)
})
} else {
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1.0, animations: {
self.ownAccountTransferView.transform = .identity
self.fromAccountTypeView.transform = .identity
})
}
So I'm trying to animate an UILabel to match another UILabel size and position. At first I was only working with the animation of the position part using constraints like this:
private lazy var constraintsForStateA: [NSLayoutConstraint] = [
firstLabel.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.leadingAnchor, constant: 10),
firstLabel.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.centerYAnchor)
]
private lazy var constraintsForStateB: [NSLayoutConstraint] = [
firstLabel.leadingAnchor.constraint(equalTo: secondLabel.leadingAnchor),
firstLabel.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: secondLabel.topAnchor)
]
So I basically have two arrays with these constraints above (constraintsForStateA and constraintsForStateB), and when I need to animate the position of my firstLabel I just do something like:
// From state A to state B
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.2, delay: 0, options: .curveEaseOut) {
NSLayoutConstraint.deactivate(self._constraintsUnselected)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate(self._constraintsSelected)
self.layoutIfNeeded()
} completion: { _ in
self.firstLabel.alpha = 0
self.secondLabel.alpha = 1
}
}
So far this has been working exactly as I was expecting, but the part with the size is giving me some trouble, since I can't apply the same strategy to the text size I'm using a transform like this:
let scaleX = secondLabel.bounds.width / firstLabel.bounds.width
let scaleY = secondLabel.bounds.height / firstLabel.bounds.height
and then in the same .animate method above from state A to state B I do this:
firstLabel.transform = CGAffineTransform(scaleX: scaleX, y: scaleY)
and from state B to state A:
firstLabel.transform = .identity
Which works as I want but the problem I'm facing is that the position is no longer in the expected place. I think this is happening because the transformation is happening having in consideration the anchorPoint at the center of the label. I've tried sort of blindly making it work changing the anchorPoint to be at (0,0), but it's not working either. I've lost 2 days on this already, any help or guidance is welcome!
When you animate, it would be much simpler if you just forget about the constraints and just deal with frames:
NSLayoutConstraint.deactivate(self.constraintsForStateA)
firstLabel.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = true
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.2, delay: 0, options: .curveEaseOut) {
firstLabel.frame = secondLabel.frame
}
Then to transition from state B to A:
firstLabel.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.2, delay: 0, options: .curveEaseOut) {
NSLayoutConstraint.activate(self.constraintsForStateA)
self.layoutIfNeeded()
}
I have programmatically constructed the views and then animating them. There is a chain of view animation and the last one is the button to be animated.
Whilst every thing is working fine as soon as I animate the button by changing the constraints(these constraints are independent of others and no other view has any hinged to it) by calling layoutIfNeeded(), all the views changes and go to their initial position of the animation.
I even tried bunch of other methods such as changing alpha values etc or making it disappear. but every single time, it changes the whole view.
Now, I am not able to figure out the exact cause. Below is the code of it.
Is there a way to change just a specific constraint with layoutIfNeeded() or any other way to handle this functionality?
import UIKit
var nextButton: UIButton!
var nextButtonHeightConstraint: NSLayoutConstraint?
var nextButtonWidthConstraint: NSLayoutConstraint?
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
addNextButton()
}
// ..... function trigerred here.
#IBAction func triggerChange() {
performCaptionAnimation()
}
func addNextButton() {
nextButton = UIButton()
nextButton.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false
nextButton.clipsToBounds = true
nextButton.setTitle("Next", for: .normal)
nextButton.backgroundColor = .white
nextButton.isUserInteractionEnabled = true
nextButton.titleLabel!.font = AvernirNext(weight: .Bold, size: 16)
nextButton.setTitleColor(.darkGray, for: .normal)
nextButton.roundAllCorners(withRadius: ActionButtonConstraint.height.anchor/2)
nextButton.addGestureRecognizer(UITapGestureRecognizer(target: self, action: #selector(nextButtonPressed)))
view.addSubview(nextButton)
nextButtonHeightConstraint = nextButton.heightAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: ActionButtonConstraint.height.anchor)
nextButtonWidthConstraint = nextButton.widthAnchor.constraint(equalToConstant: ActionButtonConstraint.width.anchor)
NSLayoutConstraint.activate([
nextButton.rightAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.rightAnchor, constant: ActionButtonConstraint.right.anchor),
nextButton.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: view.bottomAnchor, constant: ActionButtonConstraint.bottom.anchor),
nextButtonHeightConstraint!, nextButtonWidthConstraint!
])
}
func performCaptionAnimation() {
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.4, delay: 0.0, options: [.curveEaseInOut], animations: {
self.bannerTwoItemContainer.alpha = 1
self.bannerTwoItemContainer.frame.origin.x -= (self.bannerTwoItemContainer.frame.width/2 + 10)
}) { (done) in
if done {
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.4, delay: 0.0, options: [.curveEaseInOut], animations: {
self.bannerOneItemContainer.alpha = 1
self.bannerOneItemContainer.frame.origin.x += self.bannerOneItemContainer.frame.width/2 + 10
}) { (alldone) in
if alldone {
// All changes here ......................
self.changeNextButtonContents()
}
}
}
}
}
// ------ This animation has issues and brings all the animation to it's initial point
func changeNextButtonContents() {
self.nextButtonHeightConstraint?.constant = 40
self.nextButtonWidthConstraint?.constant = 110
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.4, delay: 0.0, usingSpringWithDamping: 1, initialSpringVelocity: 1, options: [.curveEaseIn], animations: {
self.nextButton.setTitleColor(.white, for: .normal)
self.nextButton.setTitle("Try Now", for: .normal)
self.nextButton.titleLabel?.font = AvernirNext(weight: .Bold, size: 18)
self.nextButton.backgroundColor = blueColor
self.nextButton.roundAllCorners(withRadius: 20)
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
}, completion: nil)
}
The problem is that your first animations change their view’s frame, as in self.bannerTwoItemContainer.frame.origin.x. But you cannot change the frame of something that is positioned by constraints. If you do, then as soon as layout occurs, the constraints reassert themselves. That is exactly what you are doing and exactly what happens. You say layoutIfNeeded and the constraints, which you never changed, are obeyed.
Rewrite your first animations to change their view’s constraints, not their frame, and all will be well.
I setup an animation to hide one switch/label when another one is turned on. Simultaneously the switch that was just turned on move up. This works great with the simple explanation here.
However, when I try to move the switch/label back down after it is turned off it doesn't budge. The other switch reappears fine, but the top constraint change doesn't fire.
I'm relatively new to doing this type of setup and animating all programmatically and after spending an hour on this I'm stumped. Is it because I'm animating a top constraint relative to another one? How does that matter if it works the first time around? Even though the alpha of the hidden switch is set to zero, its frame is still there, right? Or am I doing something simple stupidly?
// Works Perfectly!
func hideVeg() {
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, delay: 0, options: [.curveEaseIn], animations: {
self.vegetarianSwitch.alpha = 0
self.vegetarianLabel.alpha = 0
self.veganSwitch.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: self.vegetarianSwitch.bottomAnchor, constant: -30).isActive = true
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
})
}
// Showing the label and switch works, but the topAnchor constraint never changes!
func showVeg() {
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, delay: 0, options: [.curveEaseIn], animations: {
self.vegetarianSwitch.alpha = 1
self.vegetarianLabel.alpha = 1
// This is the constraint that doesn't change.
// This is exactly what it was set to before the other hideVeg() runs.
self.veganSwitch.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: self.vegetarianSwitch.bottomAnchor, constant: 40).isActive = true
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
})
}
The issue here is that you are not modifying the constraints but actually creating new constraints with each animation. What you want to do instead is just create the constraint once (you can do it in code or in Interface Builder and drag and outlet). You can then just change the .constant field of the existing constraint in your animation block.
The constant needs to be changed with the animation, not creating an entirely new constraint. The old constraint still exists causing the issue.
var veganTopConstraint = NSLayoutConstraint()
// Top Constraint set up this way so it can be animated later.
veganTopConstraint = veganSwitch.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: vegetarianSwitch.bottomAnchor, constant: 40)
veganTopConstraint.isActive = true
func hideVeg() {
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, delay: 0, options: [.curveEaseIn], animations: {
self.vegetarianSwitch.alpha = 0
self.vegetarianLabel.alpha = 0
self.veganTopConstraint.constant = -30
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
})
}
func showVeg() {
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
UIView.animate(withDuration: 1, delay: 0, options: [.curveEaseIn], animations: {
self.vegetarianSwitch.alpha = 1
self.vegetarianLabel.alpha = 1
self.veganTopConstraint.constant = 40
self.view.layoutIfNeeded()
})
}
I see in some apps when you come to a screen with a tableview there's a short animation of the cell starting to be swiped, showing the red "swipe to delete" button (UIContextualAction button) and then it returns to normal. It is giving the user the hint: "These rows can be swiped."
Is there a way to achieve this effect? Maybe a way to programmatically start a row swipe then cancel it?
Swift Solution
Well, about 1.5 years later I finally came up with a solution.
Step 1 - Cell UI Setup
I set up my custom table view cell like this:
A and B represent the swipe action colors.
C is the UIView that I will animate side-to-side.
Step 2 - Add Animation to Cell
func animateSwipeHint() {
slideInFromRight()
}
private func slideInFromRight() {
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.5, delay: 0.3, options: [.curveEaseOut], animations: {
self.cellBackgroundView.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: -self.swipeHintDistance, y: 0)
self.cellBackgroundView.layer.cornerRadius = 10
}) { (success) in
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.2, delay: 0, options: [.curveLinear], animations: {
self.cellBackgroundView.transform = .identity
}, completion: { (success) in
// Slide from left if you have leading swipe actions
self.slideInFromLeft()
})
}
}
private func slideInFromLeft() {
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.5, delay: 0, options: [.curveEaseOut], animations: {
self.cellBackgroundView.transform = CGAffineTransform(translationX: self.swipeHintDistance, y: 0)
}) { (success) in
UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.2, delay: 0, options: [.curveLinear], animations: {
self.cellBackgroundView.transform = .identity
})
}
}
Step 3 - Trigger the Animation
In the viewDidLoad of the view controller that has the table view, I have this code:
if self.tableView.visibleCells.count > 0 {
let cell = self.tableView.visibleCells[0] as! TableViewCell
cell.animateSwipeHint()
}
Example:
Video Solution
I created a video if you'd like a more in-depth walkthrough of this solution:
https://youtu.be/oAGoFd_GrxE
I have a piece of code that I saw long time ago to animate a view. Since our UITableViewCell is also a view, we can use it :) You just need to get your visible cell to animate, like so:
if let visibleCell = self.tableView.cellForRow(at: IndexPath(row: 0, section: 0)) as? CustomCell {
print("Started animation...")
let animation = CAKeyframeAnimation(keyPath: "transform.translation.x")
animation.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: kCAMediaTimingFunctionLinear)
animation.duration = 0.6
animation.values = [-20.0, 20.0, -20.0, 20.0, -10.0, 10.0, -5.0, 5.0, 0.0 ]
visibleCell.layer.add(animation, forKey: "shake")
}
Let me know if this helps. Tested it.
EDIT:
Animating your UITableView to let the user see that they can swipe on a cell is pretty easy, try it like so:
DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + .seconds(1)) {
self.tableView.setEditing(true, animated: true)
DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + .seconds(1)) {
self.tableView.setEditing(false, animated: true)
}
}
HOWEVER, if you want to swipe programmatically your cell to show your custom row actions, (I've been researching this for an hour), you can only achieve this, as far as I know, by using method swizzling. See this SO answer: http://codejaxy.com/q/186524/ios-swift-uitableview-how-to-present-uitableviewrowactions-from-pressing-a-button