I am working on some algorithm documenation for a project and trying to write out the equations in latex.
The one problem I am encountering and have not found a nice way (assuming there is one) is mixing text and equations in a single line.
Here is an example of what I am doing (and later how I am doing it).
I am defining the equation, and than what each variable means (left aligned text hence the &).
The latex code to generate this
\begin{equation}
A = 3B * 4C + 5D
\end{equation}
Where:
\begin{flalign*}
&A = Something \: cool\\
&B = Something \: cooler\\
&C = Something \: even \: cooler!!\\
\end{flalign*}
My questions are:
Is there a better way to do spaces in between words besides putting \: everywhere?
If I dont put the \: I get this below, all the words are combined?
Is this the most latex idiomatic way to acheive this? Am I missing something that could help me?
So I can get the output the way I want, I just want to make sure its "correct" before I get to deep.
You should never set whole words in math mode. Besides the obvious problem with spaces you noticed, this will also completely mess up the kerning between the letters.
Instead you can use the \text{...} macro from the amsmath package.
The amsmath package also provides the \intertext macro, which you could use to insert Where: while retaining alignment of the equal signs in the equations above and below:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{flalign}
A &= 3B \cdot 4C + 5D\\
\intertext{Where:}
A &= \text{Something cool}\notag\\
B &= \text{Something cooler}\notag\\
C &= \text{Something even cooler!!}\notag
\end{flalign}
\end{document}
I have the following text containing latex commands.
Simplify.
3 \(\dfrac{1}{2} + \biggr[4 + \biggl\{\dfrac{1}{2} \div \biggl(3\dfrac{1}{2} - \dfrac{1}{2} \biggl) \biggl\} \biggr] \times 1\dfrac{1}{2} \)
I have already tried using iosMath but it does not wrap the whole text in my view. I'm told iosMath does not support new line character(\n), is there a way around this?
Try using \\ as the newline character in your syntax.
Also,
bigr and bigl are not supported in iosMath.
When specifying the string in Objective-C, you will need to use two back slash, instead of one. \\ instead of \.
\dfrac will be just \frac.
Take a look at the examples given here.
You can use this tool to try out syntax quickly in browser.
Finally, here is what worked for me:
3 (\frac{1}{2} \\ + [4 + [{\frac{1}{2} \div (3\frac{1}{2} \ - \frac{1}{2} ) ]}] \\ \times 1\frac{1}{2} )
I wrote the following two equations in latex, but the problem is when I run the code, both equation are written on the same line
how can I split them on two lines
\begin{equation}
N = R * cos(lat) * sin(lon) \\
E = R * cos(lat) * cos(lon)
\label{eq:gps_to_cartesian}
\end{equation}
There is the amsmath package for such needs. It provides tools to work with multi-line equations, bundled in its equation-like environments. It is a standard package which is in most installations.
For two independent equations, listed below each other and aligned on = sign
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{align} \label{eq:gps_to_cartesian}
N = & R * cos(lat) * sin(lon) \\
E = & R * cos(lat) * cos(lon).
\end{align}
Additional alignment points can be set up with additional &. Equation numbering can be suppressed on individual lines by adding \notag. More tweaking can be done.
Note that there are other environments for multi-line equations, to suit different uses.
Here is a clear page on Aligning Equations and here is the official User's Guide (pdf).
The original way was to use eqnarray for this, replaced long ago by amsmath, but it can still step in if for some reason the package cannot be used.
How can I display LaTeX code in a IPython Notebook?
IPython notebook uses MathJax to render LaTeX inside html/markdown. Just put your LaTeX math inside $$.
$$c = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}$$
Or you can display LaTeX / Math output from Python, as seen towards the end of the notebook tour:
from IPython.display import display, Math, Latex
display(Math(r'F(k) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{2\pi i k} dx'))
This came up in a search I was just doing, found a better solution with some more searching, IPython notebooks now have a %%latex magic that makes the whole cell Latex without the $$ wrapper for each line.
Refer notebook tour for Rich Display System
LaTeX References:
Udacity's Blog has the Best LaTeX Primer I've seen: It clearly shows how to use LaTeX commands in easy to read, and easy to remember manner !! Highly recommended.
This Link has Excellent Examples showing both the code, and the rendered result !
You can use this site to quickly learn how to write LaTeX by example.
And, here is a quick Reference for LaTeX commands/symbols.
To Summarize: various ways to indicate LaTeX in Jupyter/IPython:
Examples for Markdown Cells:
inline, wrap in: $
The equation used depends on whether the the value of
$Vmax$ is R, G, or B.
block, wrap in: $$
$$H← 0 + \frac{30(G−B)}{Vmax−Vmin} , if Vmax = R$$
block, wrap in: \begin{equation} and \end{equation}
\begin{equation}
H← 60 + \frac{30(B−R)}{Vmax−Vmin} , if Vmax = G
\end{equation}
block, wrap in: \begin{align} and \end{align}
\begin{align}
H←120 + \frac{30(R−G)}{Vmax−Vmin} , if Vmax = B
\end{align}
Examples for Code Cells:
LaTex Cell: %%latex magic command turns the entire cell into a LaTeX Cell
%%latex
\begin{align}
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
\end{align}
Math object to pass in a raw LaTeX string:
from IPython.display import Math
Math(r'F(k) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{2\pi i k} dx')
Latex class. Note: you have to include the delimiters yourself. This allows you to use other LaTeX modes such as eqnarray:
from IPython.display import Latex
Latex(r"""\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
\end{eqnarray}""")
Docs for Raw Cells:
(sorry, no example here, just the docs)
Raw cells
Raw cells provide a place in which you can write output directly. Raw cells are not evaluated by the notebook. When passed through nbconvert, raw cells arrive in the destination format unmodified. For example, this allows you to type full LaTeX into a raw cell, which will only be rendered by LaTeX after conversion by nbconvert.
Additional Documentation:
For Markdown Cells, as quoted from Jupyter Notebook docs:
Within Markdown cells, you can also include mathematics in a straightforward way, using standard LaTeX notation: $...$ for inline mathematics and $$...$$ for displayed mathematics. When the Markdown cell is executed, the LaTeX portions are automatically rendered in the HTML output as equations with high quality typography. This is made possible by MathJax, which supports a large subset of LaTeX functionality
Standard mathematics environments defined by LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX (the amsmath package) also work, such as \begin{equation}...\end{equation}, and \begin{align}...\end{align}. New LaTeX macros may be defined using standard methods, such as \newcommand, by placing them anywhere between math delimiters in a Markdown cell. These definitions are then available throughout the rest of the IPython session.
Use $$ if you want your math to appear in a single line, e.g.,
$$a = b + c$$ (line break after the equation)
If you don't need a line break after the math, use single dollar sign $, e.g.,
$a = b + c$ (no line break after the equation)
You can choose a cell to be markdown, then write latex code which gets interpreted by mathjax, as one of the responders say above.
Alternatively, Latex section of the iPython notebook tutorial explains this well.
You can either do:
from IPython.display import Latex
Latex(r"""\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
\end{eqnarray}""")
or do this:
%%latex
\begin{align}
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
\end{align}
More info found in this link
I developed prettyPy, which offers a nice way to print equation. Unfortunately, it's not performant and needs testing.
Example:
Granted, sympy is a great alternative and although prettyPy doesn't allow for evaluating expressions, variable initialization is not required.
I wrote how to write LaTeX in Jupyter Notebook in this article.
You need to enclose them in dollar($) signs.
To align to the left use a single dollar($) sign.
$P(A)=\frac{n(A)}{n(U)}$
To align to the center use double dollar($$) signs.
$$P(A)=\frac{n(A)}{n(U)}$$
Use \limits for \lim, \sum and \int to add limits to the top and the bottom of each sign.
Use a backslash to escape LaTeX special words such as Math symbols, Latin words, text, etc.
Try this one.
$$\overline{x}=\frac{\sum \limits _{i=1} ^k f_i x_i}{n} \text{, where } n=\sum \limits _{i=1} ^k f_i $$
Matrices
Piecewise functions
$$
\begin{align}
\text{Probability density function:}\\
\begin{cases}
\frac{1}{b-a}&\text{for $x\in[a,b]$}\\
0&\text{otherwise}\\
\end{cases}
\\
\text{Cumulative distribution function:}\\
\begin{cases}
0&\text{for $x<a$}\\
\frac{x-a}{b-a}&\text{for $x\in[a,b)$}\\
1&\text{for $x\ge b$}\\
\end{cases}
\end{align}
$$
The above code will create this.
If you want to know how to add numbering to equations and align equations, please read this article for details.
Since, I was not able to use all the latex commands in Code even after using the %%latex keyword or the $..$ limiter, I installed the nbextensions through which I could use the latex commands in Markdown. After following the instructions here: https://github.com/ipython-contrib/IPython-notebook-extensions/blob/master/README.md and then restarting the Jupyter and then localhost:8888/nbextensions and then activating "Latex Environment for Jupyter", I could run many Latex commands. Examples are here: https://rawgit.com/jfbercher/latex_envs/master/doc/latex_env_doc.html
\section{First section}
\textbf{Hello}
$
\begin{equation}
c = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}
\end{equation}
$
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
\end{itemize}
\textbf{World}
As you see, I am still unable to use usepackage. But maybe it will be improved in the future.
The answer given by minrk (included for completeness) is good, but there is another way that I like even more.
You can also render an entire cell as LaTeX by typing %%latex as the first line in a text cell. This is usefull if you
want more control,
want more than just a math environment,
or if you are going to write a lot of math in one cell.
minrk's answer:
IPython notebook uses MathJax to render
LaTeX inside html/markdown. Just put your LaTeX math inside $$.
$$c = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}$$
Or you can display LaTeX / Math output from Python, as seen towards
the end of the notebook
tour:
from IPython.display import display, Math, Latex
display(Math(r'F(k) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{2\pi i k} dx'))
If your main objective is doing math, SymPy provides an excellent approach to functional latex expressions that look great.
Using LaTeX syntax directly in a Markdown cell works for me. I'm using Jypiter 4.4.0.
I don't have to use %%latex magic command, I insist, simply a markdown cell:
\begin{align}
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
\end{align}
Renders to:
I came across this problem some day using colab. And I find the most painless way is just running this code before printing. Everything works like charm then.
from IPython.display import Math, HTML
def load_mathjax_in_cell_output():
display(HTML("<script src='https://www.gstatic.com/external_hosted/"
"mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=default'></script>"))
get_ipython().events.register('pre_run_cell', load_mathjax_in_cell_output)
import sympy as sp
sp.init_printing()
The result looks like this:
I am using Jupyter Notebooks.
I had to write
%%latex
$sin(x)/x$
to get a LaTex font.
Yet another solution for when you want to have control over the document preamble. Write a whole document, send it to system latex, convert the pdf to png, use IPython.display to load and display.
import tempfile
import os.path
import subprocess
from IPython.display import Image, display
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="texinpy_") as tmpdir:
path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "document.tex")
with open(path, 'w') as fp:
fp.write(r"""
\documentclass[12pt]{standalone}
\begin{document}
\LaTeX{}
\end{document}
""")
subprocess.run(["lualatex", path], cwd=tmpdir)
subprocess.run(["pdftocairo", "-singlefile", "-transp", "-r", "100", "-png", "document.pdf", "document"], cwd=tmpdir)
im = Image(filename=os.path.join(tmpdir, "document.png"))
display(im)
If you want to display a LaTeX equation from a notebook code cell you can create a simple wrapper class that makes use of the Jupyter notebooks rich display representation. This class should have a _repr_latex_ method (note this single underscore at the start and end rather than the double underscores of other special methods) that outputs the LaTeX string. E.g.:
class LaTeXEquation:
def __init__(self, eqntext):
self.eqntext = eqntext
def __repr__(self):
return repr(self.eqntext)
def _repr_latex_(self):
"""
Special method for rich display of LaTeX formula.
"""
# add $'s at start and end if not present
if self.eqntext.strip()[0] != "$" and self.eqntext.strip()[-1] != "$":
return "$" + self.eqntext + "$"
else:
return self.eqntext
myeqn = "x = y^2"
Then in a code cell, if you do, e.g.,
LaTeXEquation(myeqn)
it will show the formatted equation.
I'm trying to learn LaTeX, currently because otherwise, my professors will be nearly unable to read my homework assignments. I've come across something I want to do, but don't seem to be able to, ie. I have searched google (possibly with a poor keyword set) and not found a solution.
The specific case is as follows: I want to put an ams flalign environment inside a box and have multiple such environments side by side. I have achieved this using minipage, but minipage asks for a width. I would like to use the smallest width in which the flalign environment fits. I realize that I can set the width to 0pt, but I can't help wondering if there's something that is intended to do this.
Also, should I be using minipage? Is there another command I don't know?
Thanks for your reply.
EDIT:
An attempted clarification as to what I want to do. I want equations which are standard, known, given, etc. and short on the left. To the right of those, I want relevant derived equations (and maybe their derivations. Further right, I want actual calculations plugged in.
I feel like what I want is a tabular environment with 3 columns, but I don't think I can put an equation environment in a tabular environment.
This looks like what I want when I render it.
\begin{minipage}[t]{0pt}
\begin{flalign*}
\sigma & = F / A&\\
A & = \pi \left(d/2\right)^2&\\
\epsilon &= \frac{\sigma}{E}&\\
\epsilon_{trans} &= - \nu \epsilon_{longi}& \\
\epsilon &= \frac{\Delta l}{l}&\\
l &= \left( \epsilon + 1 \right) \times l_0&
\end{flalign*}
\end{minipage}
\hspace*{0pt}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0pt}
\begin{flalign*}
d & = \unit[1.8]{mm} = \unit[1.8\e{-3}]{m} &\\
F_T & = \unit[1300]{N}&\\
E_{\text{stainless steel}}&=\unit[193\e9]{Pa}&\\
l_0 & = \unit[.2530]{m}&\\
\nu & = .33&\\
\sigma &= \frac{\unit[1300]{N}}{\pi \times \unit[3.24\e{-6}]{m^2}}&&= \boxed{\unit[127.7\e6]{Pa}}\\
&&&=\boxed{\unit[18,524]{psi}}\\
\epsilon &= \frac{\unit[127.7\e6]{Pa}}{\unit[193\e9]{Pa}} &&= \boxed{6.6\e{-2}}\\
\epsilon_{trans} &= -.33 \times 6.6\e{-2} &&=\boxed{-2.2\e{-2}}\\
l &= \left( 6.6\e{-2} + 1 \right) \times \unit[.2530]{m} &&= \boxed{\unit[.2797]{m}}
\end{flalign*}
\end{minipage}
I'm not sure exactly what you're trying to achieve, but amsmath's align* environment might do what you want (without resorting to minipages):
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\begin{document}
\begin{align*}
x&=y & X&=Y & a&=b+c & mn&=ab\\
x’&=y’ & X’&=Y’ & a’&=b & m'n'&=a'b'\\
x+x’&=y+y’ & X+X’&=Y+Y’ & a’b&=c’b & m'&=a'
\end{align*}
\end{document}
As to your minipage question: it requires a width because TeX needs to know where to break the lines. If you don't want the line-breaking algorithm to be used, you probably don't want a minipage.
Edit:
If you want multiple columns and don't care about the vertical alignment of material across the columns, that can be obtained easily enough with the multicols package:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{multicols}
\usepackage{lipsum}% just for some example text
\begin{document}
% The * version allows the columns to have ragged bottoms.
% The argument 2 is the number of columns.
\begin{multicols*}{2}
\lipsum[1]% one paragraph of Lorem ipsum.. filler text
\vfil% fills the remainder of the column with white space
\columnbreak% force a column break
\lipsum[2]% another paragraph of text
\vfil% fills the remainder of the column with white space
\end{multicols*}
\end{document}
You might find something to help you in the empheq and mathtools packages. empheq allows you to box equations and mathtools should provide some useful environments for stacking them horizontally.