How to read an analogue gauge using Open CV - opencv

I'm interested in trying to read an analog gauge using a Raspberry PI and Open CV. I've only really messed with face detection in opencv, so I don't even know where to begin. Any ideas, starting points?

You can detect circles with HoughCircles method and detect lines with HoughLinesP method of with opencv lib in Python. After detecting these, you can find out the value of the gauge from the line's position via trigonometry.
You can see the sample code in python. It basically does these:
Read image with imread method.
turn it in to gray with cvtColor.
Find out the circles' center x,y coordinates and radius with HoughCircles, these method has some parameter that can be tweaked.
Detect the lines with HoughLinesP method again parameters should be tweaked.
Calculate the value, considering max value, min value on the gauge and angle interval of the gauge.
Reference: https://github.com/intel-iot-devkit/python-cv-samples/tree/master/examples/analog-gauge-reader
Hope this helps.
CODE:
import os
import cv2
import numpy
def getScriptDir():
currentFile = __file__ # May be 'my_script', or './my_script' or
realPath = os.path.realpath(currentFile) # /home/user/test/my_script.py
dirPath = os.path.dirname(realPath)
return dirPath
def getUserRealGaugeDetails():
min_angle = input('Min derece: ') #the lowest possible angle
max_angle = input('Max derece ') #highest possible angle
min_value = input('Min deger: ') #usually zero
max_value = input('Max deger: ') #maximum reading of the gauge
units = input('Birim girin: ')
return min_angle,max_angle,min_value,max_value,units
def setStaticUserRealGaugeDetails():
min_angle = 5 # input('Min angle (lowest possible angle of dial) - in degrees: ') #the lowest possible angle
max_angle = 355 # input('Max angle (highest possible angle) - in degrees: ') #highest possible angle
min_value = -20 #input('Min value: ') #usually zero
max_value = 120 #input('Max value: ') #maximum reading of the gauge
units = 'b' #input('Enter units: ')
return min_angle,max_angle,min_value,max_value,units
def getImage():
dirPath = getScriptDir()
dirPath += "/images/1.jpg"
return cv2.imread(dirPath)
def distance2Points(x1, y1, x2, y2):
#print np.sqrt((x2-x1)^2+(y2-y1)^2)
return numpy.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)
def averageCircle(circles, b):
avg_x=0
avg_y=0
avg_r=0
for i in range(b):
#optional - average for multiple circles (can happen when a gauge is at a slight angle)
avg_x = avg_x + circles[0][i][0]
avg_y = avg_y + circles[0][i][1]
avg_r = avg_r + circles[0][i][2]
avg_x = int(avg_x/(b))
avg_y = int(avg_y/(b))
avg_r = int(avg_r/(b))
return avg_x, avg_y, avg_r
#return the center and radius of the circle
def getCircleAndCustomize(image):
height, width = image.shape[:2]
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) #convert to gray
# gray = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (5, 5), 0)
# gray = cv2.medianBlur(gray, 5)
# cv2.imwrite('C:/Users/okarademirci/Desktop/analog-gauge-reader/images/gauge-gray-2.jpg', gray)
#detect circles
#restricting the search from 35-48% of the possible radii gives fairly good results across different samples. Remember that
#these are pixel values which correspond to the possible radii search range.
circles = cv2.HoughCircles(gray, cv2.HOUGH_GRADIENT, 1, 20, numpy.array([]), 100, 50, int(height*0.35), int(height*0.48))
#coordinates and radius
a, b, c = circles.shape
x,y,r = averageCircle(circles, b)
return x ,y ,r
def get_current_value(img, min_angle, max_angle, min_value, max_value, x, y, r):
gray2 = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Set threshold and maxValue
thresh = 175
maxValue = 255
# for testing purposes, found cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV to perform the best
# th, dst1 = cv2.threshold(gray2, thresh, maxValue, cv2.THRESH_BINARY);
# th, dst2 = cv2.threshold(gray2, thresh, maxValue, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV);
# th, dst3 = cv2.threshold(gray2, thresh, maxValue, cv2.THRESH_TRUNC);
# th, dst4 = cv2.threshold(gray2, thresh, maxValue, cv2.THRESH_TOZERO);
# th, dst5 = cv2.threshold(gray2, thresh, maxValue, cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV);
# cv2.imwrite('gauge-%s-dst1.%s' % (gauge_number, file_type), dst1)
# cv2.imwrite('gauge-%s-dst2.%s' % (gauge_number, file_type), dst2)
# cv2.imwrite('gauge-%s-dst3.%s' % (gauge_number, file_type), dst3)
# cv2.imwrite('gauge-%s-dst4.%s' % (gauge_number, file_type), dst4)
# cv2.imwrite('gauge-%s-dst5.%s' % (gauge_number, file_type), dst5)
# apply thresholding which helps for finding lines
th, dst2 = cv2.threshold(gray2, thresh, maxValue, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV)
# found Hough Lines generally performs better without Canny / blurring, though there were a couple exceptions where it would only work with Canny / blurring
#dst2 = cv2.medianBlur(dst2, 5)
#dst2 = cv2.Canny(dst2, 50, 150)
#dst2 = cv2.GaussianBlur(dst2, (5, 5), 0)
# for testing, show image after thresholding
dirPath = getScriptDir() + '/images/afterTreshold.jpg'
cv2.imwrite(dirPath, dst2)
# find lines
minLineLength = 10
maxLineGap = 0
lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(image=dst2, rho=3, theta=numpy.pi / 180, threshold=100,minLineLength=minLineLength, maxLineGap=0) # rho is set to 3 to detect more lines, easier to get more then filter them out later
#for testing purposes, show all found lines
# for i in range(0, len(lines)):
# for x1, y1, x2, y2 in lines[i]:
# cv2.line(img, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2)
# cv2.imwrite('gauge-%s-lines-test.%s' %(gauge_number, file_type), img)
# remove all lines outside a given radius
final_line_list = []
#print "radius: %s" %r
diff1LowerBound = 0.15 #diff1LowerBound and diff1UpperBound determine how close the line should be from the center
diff1UpperBound = 0.25
diff2LowerBound = 0.5 #diff2LowerBound and diff2UpperBound determine how close the other point of the line should be to the outside of the gauge
diff2UpperBound = 1.0
for i in range(0, len(lines)):
for x1, y1, x2, y2 in lines[i]:
diff1 = distance2Points(x, y, x1, y1) # x, y is center of circle
diff2 = distance2Points(x, y, x2, y2) # x, y is center of circle
#set diff1 to be the smaller (closest to the center) of the two), makes the math easier
if (diff1 > diff2):
temp = diff1
diff1 = diff2
diff2 = temp
# check if line is within an acceptable range
if (((diff1<diff1UpperBound*r) and (diff1>diff1LowerBound*r) and (diff2<diff2UpperBound*r)) and (diff2>diff2LowerBound*r)):
line_length = distance2Points(x1, y1, x2, y2)
# add to final list
final_line_list.append([x1, y1, x2, y2])
#testing only, show all lines after filtering
# for i in range(0,len(final_line_list)):
# x1 = final_line_list[i][0]
# y1 = final_line_list[i][1]
# x2 = final_line_list[i][2]
# y2 = final_line_list[i][3]
# cv2.line(img, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2)
# assumes the first line is the best one
x1 = final_line_list[0][0]
y1 = final_line_list[0][1]
x2 = final_line_list[0][2]
y2 = final_line_list[0][3]
cv2.line(img, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2)
#for testing purposes, show the line overlayed on the original image
#cv2.imwrite('gauge-1-test.jpg', img)
#cv2.imwrite('C:/Users/okarademirci/Desktop/analog-gauge-reader/images/gauge-%s-lines-2.%s' % (gauge_number, file_type), img)
#find the farthest point from the center to be what is used to determine the angle
dist_pt_0 = distance2Points(x, y, x1, y1)
dist_pt_1 = distance2Points(x, y, x2, y2)
if (dist_pt_0 > dist_pt_1):
x_angle = x1 - x
y_angle = y - y1
else:
x_angle = x2 - x
y_angle = y - y2
# take the arc tan of y/x to find the angle
res = numpy.arctan(numpy.divide(float(y_angle), float(x_angle)))
#np.rad2deg(res) #coverts to degrees
# print x_angle
# print y_angle
# print res
# print np.rad2deg(res)
#these were determined by trial and error
res = numpy.rad2deg(res)
if x_angle > 0 and y_angle > 0: #in quadrant I
final_angle = 270 - res
if x_angle < 0 and y_angle > 0: #in quadrant II
final_angle = 90 - res
if x_angle < 0 and y_angle < 0: #in quadrant III
final_angle = 90 - res
if x_angle > 0 and y_angle < 0: #in quadrant IV
final_angle = 270 - res
#print final_angle
old_min = float(min_angle)
old_max = float(max_angle)
new_min = float(min_value)
new_max = float(max_value)
old_value = final_angle
old_range = (old_max - old_min)
new_range = (new_max - new_min)
new_value = (((old_value - old_min) * new_range) / old_range) + new_min
return new_value
def main():
# 1) get the image from directory.
image = getImage()
min_angle,max_angle,min_value,max_value,units = setStaticUserRealGaugeDetails()
# 2) covnert the image to gray .
# 3) find the circle in the image with customization
x,y,r = getCircleAndCustomize(image)
# 4) find the line in the circle.
# 5) find the value in the range of guage
newValue = get_current_value(image,min_angle,max_angle,min_value,max_value,x,y,r)
print(newValue)
if __name__=='__main__':
main()

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Hough Line Transform in Python keeps throwing error

I'm trying to use opencv to do a simple Lane Keep Assist System but I'm getting this error from the Hough Transform function:
cv2.error: OpenCV(4.6.0)
/io/opencv/modules/highgui/src/precomp.hpp:155: error: (-215:Assertion
failed) src_depth != CV_16F && src_depth != CV_32S in function
'convertToShow'
This is the code I have:
import cv2
import numpy as np
def detect_line_segments(frame):
# tuning min_threshold, minLineLength, maxLineGap is a trial and error process by hand
rho = 1 # distance precision in pixel, i.e. 1 pixel
angle = np.pi / 180 # angular precision in radian, i.e. 1 degree
min_threshold = 2 # minimal of votes
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def detectEdges(frame):
rho = 1
angle = np.pi / 180
min_threshold = 10
hsv = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
lower_blue = np.array([60, 40, 40])
upper_blue = np.array([150, 255, 255])
mask = cv2.inRange(hsv, lower_blue, upper_blue)
mask = cv2.resize(mask, (960, 540))
# cv2.imshow('Test', mask)
# cv2.waitKey(0)
edges = cv2.Canny(mask, 200, 400)
#edgesUpdt = np.array(edges, dtype=np.uint8)
# cv2.imshow('Test', edgesUpdt)
# cv2.waitKey(0)
return edges
def region_of_interest(edges):
print(edges)
height, width = edges.shape
mask = np.zeros_like(edges)
# only focus bottom half of the screen
polygon = np.array([[
(0, height * 1 / 2),
(width, height * 1 / 2),
(width, height),
(0, height),
]], np.int32)
cv2.fillPoly(mask, polygon, 255)
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cv2.imshow('Test', cropped_edges)
cv2.waitKey(0)
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# cropped_edges = cropped_edges.astype(np.float32)
cv2.imshow('Test', cropped_edges)
cv2.waitKey(0)
# tuning min_threshold, minLineLength, maxLineGap is a trial and error process by hand
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min_threshold = 50 # minimal of votes
line_segments = cv2.HoughLinesP(cropped_edges, rho, angle, min_threshold,
np.array([], dtype=np.uint8), minLineLength=40, maxLineGap=80)
cv2.imshow('Test', line_segments)
cv2.waitKey(0)
return line_segments
def main():
frame = cv2.imread(r'/home/a1ph4/Desktop/LKAS system/Media/image.jpg')
edges = detectEdges(frame)
# test1 = region_of_interest(edges)
croppedEdges = detect_line_segments(edges)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
And this is the image I'm using
Image
Please help.

Couldn't find a square in an image using open cv python

Square detection in an image using cv2.rectangle()
image Using drawcontours(), I can see multiple points
Original image
I am able to detect two out of three squares.
The problem is that this is just a part of a very wide image, and only one square is undetectable. One big green box is missing and it is not detectable.
Can you help in square detection?
I have used the below code:
def getContours(img,imgContour):
contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(img, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
contours = sorted(contours, key = cv2.contourArea, reverse = True)
# image_number = 0
for cnt in contours:
area = cv2.contourArea(cnt)
# cv2.drawContours(imgContour, cnt, -1, (255, 0, 255), 7)
peri = cv2.arcLength(cnt, True)
approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(cnt, 0.02 * peri, True)
print(len(approx))
# if len(approx) == 4:
x , y , w, h = cv2.boundingRect(cnt)
ar = w/h
if ar >= 0.95 and ar <= 1.05:
cv2.rectangle(imgContour, (x , y ), (x + w , y + h ), (0, 255, 0), 5)
def auto_canny(image, sigma=0.33):
# compute the median of the single channel pixel intensities
v = np.median(image)
# apply automatic Canny edge detection using the computed median
lower = int(max(0, (1.0 - sigma) * v))
upper = int(min(255, (1.0 + sigma) * v))
edged = cv2.Canny(image, lower, upper)
# return the edged image
return edged
imagePath = "image3.jpg"
image = cv2.imread(imagePath)
imgContour = image.copy()
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (3, 3), 0)
auto = auto_canny(blurred)
getContours(auto,imgContour)

YOLO object detection opencv drawing a lot of rectangles

I have collected images of S9 phones, added labels with labellmg and trained for a few hours in google colab. I had minimal loss so I thought it is enough. I only selected the rectangles where the phone is displayed and nothing else. What I dont understand is, it draws a lot of rectangles on the phone. I only want 1 or 2 rectangles drawn on the phone itself. Did I do something wrong?
def detect_img(self, img):
blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(img, 0.00392 ,(416,416), (0,0,0), True, crop=False)
input_img = self.net.setInput(blob)
output = self.net.forward(self.output)
height, width, channel = img.shape
boxes = []
trusts = []
class_ids = []
for out in output:
for detect in out:
total_scores = detect[5:]
class_id = np.argmax(total_scores)
trust_factor = total_scores[class_id]
if trust_factor > 0.5:
x_center = int(detect[0] * width)
y_center = int(detect[1] * height)
w = int(detect[2] * width)
h = int(detect[3] * height)
x = int(x_center - w / 2)
y = int(x_center - h / 2)
boxes.append([x,y,w,h])
trusts.append(float(trust_factor))
class_ids.append(class_id)
cv2.rectangle(img, (x_center,y_center), (x + w, y + h), (0,255,0), 2)
When I set the trust_factor to 0.8, a lot of the rectangles are gone but there are still rectangles outside the phone, while I only selected the phone itself in labellmg and not the background.
You can use function "non maximum suppression" that it removes rectangles which have less score. I put a code for NMS
def NMS(boxes, overlapThresh = 0.4):
# Return an empty list, if no boxes given
if len(boxes) == 0:
return []
x1 = boxes[:, 0] # x coordinate of the top-left corner
y1 = boxes[:, 1] # y coordinate of the top-left corner
x2 = boxes[:, 2] # x coordinate of the bottom-right corner
y2 = boxes[:, 3] # y coordinate of the bottom-right corner
# Compute the area of the bounding boxes and sort the bounding
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indices = np.arange(len(x1))
for i,box in enumerate(boxes):
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temp_indices = indices[indices!=i]
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xx1 = np.maximum(box[0], boxes[temp_indices,0])
yy1 = np.maximum(box[1], boxes[temp_indices,1])
xx2 = np.minimum(box[2], boxes[temp_indices,2])
yy2 = np.minimum(box[3], boxes[temp_indices,3])
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w = np.maximum(0, xx2 - xx1 + 1)
h = np.maximum(0, yy2 - yy1 + 1)
# compute the ratio of overlap
overlap = (w * h) / areas[temp_indices]
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Detect Narrow Line in very noise image

I have performed preprocessing steps in an noisy acoustic image and now I need to detect narrow black lines.
Can you think of a better way to detect these lines?
My goal is to detect the line in the red box in this image.
Failed Answer: - This is not a perfect solution but will require further work to make it robust for various images. I noticed that there is very less noise in the black lines, and thus Canny does not found a lot of edges within this region. Code and results below:-
import numpy as np
import cv2
gray = cv2.imread('2.png')
edges = cv2.Canny(gray,10,60,apertureSize = 7)
cv2.imwrite('2-1-edges-10-60.jpg',edges)
kernel = np.ones((5,5),np.uint8)
closeEdges = cv2.morphologyEx(edges, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
cv2.imwrite('2-2-edges-10-60-dilated-1.jpg',closeEdges)
invertEdges = 255 - closeEdges
cv2.imwrite('2-3-invertedges-10-60.jpg',invertEdges)
minLineLength=100
lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(image=invertEdges,rho=1,theta=np.pi/180, threshold=200,lines=np.array([]), minLineLength=minLineLength,maxLineGap=80)
a,b,c = lines.shape
for i in range(a):
cv2.line(gray, (lines[i][0][0], lines[i][0][1]), (lines[i][0][2], lines[i][0][3]), (0, 0, 255), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
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Using connected component on inverse of output image and finding maximum size elements could be helpful.
Another way of approaching this is use of gradient image and directly finding area of small range of gradient magnitude. This approach would be much more flexible as it will not require using fixed threshold values - 10 and 60 as above. Threshold values can be adaptive according to image gradient/you can normalize gradient of image before using hard-coded thresholds.
Better Answer(30-40% accurate)
import numpy as np
import cv2
import os
# Store all images in this folder
path='images-1'
def autocrop(image, threshold=0):
if len(image.shape) == 3:
flatImage = np.max(image, 2)
else:
flatImage = image
rows = np.where(np.max(flatImage, 0) > threshold)[0]
if rows.size:
cols = np.where(np.max(flatImage, 1) > threshold)[0]
image = image[cols[0]: cols[-1] + 1, rows[0]: rows[-1] + 1]
else:
image = image[:1, :1]
return image
def skeleton(img):
size = np.size(img)
skel = np.zeros(img.shape,np.uint8)
element = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_CROSS,(3,3))
done = False
while( not done):
eroded = cv2.erode(img,element)
temp = cv2.dilate(eroded,element)
temp = cv2.subtract(img,temp)
skel = cv2.bitwise_or(skel,temp)
img = eroded.copy()
zeros = size - cv2.countNonZero(img)
if zeros==size:
done = True
return skel
def gamma_correction(img, correction):
img = img/255.0
img = cv2.pow(img, correction)
return np.uint8(img*255)
def auto_canny(image, sigma=0.33):
# compute the median of the single channel pixel intensities
v = np.median(image)
# apply automatic Canny edge detection using the computed median
lower = int(max(0, (1.0 - sigma) * v))
upper = int(min(255, (1.0 + sigma) * v))
edged = cv2.Canny(image, lower, upper)
# return the edged image
return edged
for file in os.listdir(path):
if file.endswith(".png"):
current = os.path.join(path, file)
img = cv2.imread(current, 0)
print 'processing ' + current
img = autocrop(img, 0)
cv2.imwrite(current + '-0-cropped.jpg', img)
height, width = img.shape[:2]
img = cv2.resize(img, (width, width))
cv2.imwrite(current + '-0-resized.jpg', img)
# cv2.imwrite(current +'-2-auto_canny_default.jpg', auto_canny(img))
# img = cv2.medianBlur(img,5)
# cv2.imwrite(current +'-0-medianBlur.jpg',img)
# th3 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C, cv2.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
# cv2.imwrite(current +'-1-threshold_gaussian.jpg',th3)
# laplacian = cv2.Laplacian(img,cv2.CV_64F)
# cv2.imwrite(current + '-3-threshold_gaussian.jpg', laplacian)
#img = cv2.bilateralFilter(img, 3, 3, 5)
edges = cv2.Canny(img,10,20,apertureSize = 5)
cv2.imwrite(current +'-1-edges-10-60.jpg',edges)
kernel = np.ones((3,3),np.uint8)
edges = cv2.morphologyEx(edges, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
cv2.imwrite(current +'-1-edgesClosed-10-60.jpg', edges)
edges = 255-edges
cv2.imwrite(current +'-2-edgesClosedInverted-10-60.jpg', edges)
im2, contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(edges, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
imgColor = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
maxArea = 0
for cnt in contours:
if maxArea < cv2.contourArea(cnt):
maxArea = cv2.contourArea(cnt)
for cnt in contours:
rect = cv2.minAreaRect(cnt) #I have used min Area rect for better result
width = rect[1][0]
height = rect[1][1]
if cv2.contourArea(cnt) > int(maxArea/2.5) and ( width < height/2 or height < width/2):
cv2.drawContours(imgColor, cnt, -1, (0,255,0), 1)
cv2.imwrite(current+'-5-Contours.jpg',imgColor)
# edges = skeleton(255-edges)
# cv2.imwrite(current +'-2-skeleton.jpg', edges)
# edges = 255-edges
# minLineLength=int(width/4)
# threshold = 20
# maxLineGap = 1
# rho = 1
# lines = cv2.HoughLinesP(image=edges,rho=rho,theta=np.pi/180, threshold=threshold,lines=np.array([]), minLineLength=minLineLength,maxLineGap=maxLineGap)
# if lines is not None:
# a,b,c = lines.shape
# for i in range(a):
# cv2.line(img, (lines[i][0][0], lines[i][0][1]), (lines[i][0][2], lines[i][0][3]), (0, 0, 255), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
# cv2.line(edges, (lines[i][0][0], lines[i][0][1]), (lines[i][0][2], lines[i][0][3]), (0, 0, 255), 1, cv2.LINE_AA)
# cv2.imwrite(current+'-5-houghlines.jpg',img)
# cv2.imwrite(current+'-6-houghlines.jpg',edges)
# print 'cool'
# else:
# cv2.imwrite(current+'-5-houghlines.jpg',img)
Also, do check following links:
Detection of Continuous, Smooth and Thin Edges in Noisy Images Using Constrained Particle Swarm Optimisation
http://www.imagemagick.org/discourse-server/viewtopic.php?t=14491
http://answers.opencv.org/question/3454/detecting-thick-edges/

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