Converting a JSON into a Model Value in Swift - ios

Question

In my quest to learn more about Swift, I'm looking at ways to improve my app and noticed a few places where I'm making assumptions where perhaps I shouldn't be.
When creating a new object, lets say a 'student', they need things like a name (String), age (Int) and score (Float). I read these from a JSON file, and put them into an object like this:
// note, details is a [String:Any] type
let name = details["name"] as! String
let age = details["age"] as! Int
let score = Float(details["score"])
self.student = Student(name: name, tutor_group: tutor_group, score: score)
So my questions are as follows;
1. How should I modify my code to check that if a value is not a number, where it should be, the variable becomes just nil, or even better 0?
2. What if the key in the dictionary doesn't exist?
3. Are the different ways to do this, and if so, which is best practice?
Note that I want to keep this code as short as possible - if/else statements for each line are not what I'm looking for.
Thank you so much in advance!

Answer 1

The Solution suggested by the Swift team
Recently Apple described the suggested way to face this problem.
You can define the Student struct (or class) this way
struct Student {
let name: String
let age: Int
let score: Float
init?(json: [String:Any]) {
guard
let name = json["name"] as? String,
let age = json["age"] as? Int,
let score = json["score"] as? Float
else { return nil }
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.score = score
}
}
Benefits of this approach
You encapsulate the logic to convert a JSON into a Student inside the Student struct itself
If the JSON doesn't contain a valid data (e.g. there is no age field with a valid Int) then the initializer fails and returns nil. This means there is no way to create a Student with missing fields (and this is a good thing) and this scenario will not cause a crash.
More
The post I linked above also describes a more advanced approach where a missing field/value throws an exception. However if you don't need to log (or notify to the caller) why the initialization failed you don't need this.

Answer 2

So my questions are as follows; 1. How should I modify my code to check that if a value is not a number, where it should be, the variable becomes just nil, or even better 0? 2. What if the key in the dictionary doesn't exist? 3. Are the different ways to do this, and if so, which is best practice?
let age = (details["age"] as? Int) ?? 0
In all cases, age will have the type Int
If the key doesn't exist, details["age"] will return nil, as? Int will return an Int? with value nil and the nil coalescing operator ?? will set the value to 0.
If the type isn't an Int, the conditional cast as? Int will return nil and the value will be set to 0.
In the expected case, age will have the Int value that was stored in details["age"].
For the other fields:
let name = (details["name"] as? String) ?? ""
// If score is stored as a String
let score = Float(details["score"] as? String ?? "") ?? 0
OR
// If score is stored as a number
let score = (details["score"] as? Float) ?? 0

Answer 3

You can use guard instead:
guard let name = details["name"] as? String else {
return
}
print("\(name)")
Thanks!