Can anyone explain what the field of RXE-25 in HL-7v2 means? The description is "Give strength". I have read the official explanation, but I feel this is ambiguous. I am not sure whether this field should contain a)the strength of a single tablet/dose form vs b)the total strength to administer.
For example, hydroxychloroquine [HCQ] is a lupus medication that comes in 200 mg tablets. Lupus patients are frequently started off on 400 mg of this per day (ie 2 tablets).
Let's say RXE-3 ("Give Amount - Minimum") is "2", and RXE-5 ("Give Units") is "tablet". And let's assume there are multiple tablet strengths, so we don't know what dose that is. Would one put the per-tablet dose in RXE-25 (ie "200" mg), or instead put the entire dose (2 tablets="400" mg)?
My understanding of all the 'Give' fields is they represent the amount given per dose. So to answer your questions:
b)the total strength to administer
AND
put the entire dose (2 tablets="400" mg)
Actually, I found the answer hidden in another part of the HL7 documentation, specifically under the RXO segment (RXO-18 Requested Give Strength). Per that documentation, this applies to various RX_ segments.
The example given:
One way would be: "Ampicillin 250 mg capsules, 2 capsules four times a
day." In this case the give amount would be 2, the give units would be
capsules, the strength would be 250 and the strength units would
milligrams.
So it seems the GIVE STRENGTH AMOUNT (if present, and no GIVE DRUG STRENGTH VOLUME is specified) is multiplied by the GIVE AMOUNT to come up with the total dose. So I believe the answer to the example in the question would be a) 200 mg.
Related
I have a bunch of questions concerning Timing Advance in GSM :
When is it defined ?
Is it the phone or the BTS who's in charge of defining it's value ?
is it dynamic, does it depends on certain situations ?
Let's say that I figured out a way to get the exact value of the Timing Advance (GSM Layer 1 Transmission level) from the phone's modem :
In order to verify my solution, I'm supposed to put my phone over and over in a situation where he have to use/change the Timing Advance while I log its value...
How can I do that ?
Thanks
In the GSM cellular mobile phone standard, timing advance value corresponds to the length of time a signal takes to reach the base station from a mobile phone. GSM uses TDMA technology in the radio interface to share a single frequency between several users, assigning sequential timeslots to the individual users sharing a frequency. Each user transmits periodically for less than one-eighth of the time within one of the eight timeslots. Since the users are at various distances from the base station and radio waves travel at the finite speed of light, the precise arrival-time within the slot can be used by the base station to determine the distance to the mobile phone. The time at which the phone is allowed to transmit a burst of traffic within a timeslot must be adjusted accordingly to prevent collisions with adjacent users. Timing Advance (TA) is the variable controlling this adjustment.
Technical Specifications 3GPP TS 05.10[1] and TS 45.010[2] describe the TA value adjustment procedures. The TA value is normally between 0 and 63, with each step representing an advance of one bit period (approximately 3.69 microseconds). With radio waves travelling at about 300,000,000 metres per second (that is 300 metres per microsecond), one TA step then represents a change in round-trip distance (twice the propagation range) of about 1,100 metres. This means that the TA value changes for each 550-metre change in the range between a mobile and the base station. This limit of 63 × 550 metres is the maximum 35 kilometres that a device can be from a base station and is the upper bound on cell placement distance.
A continually adjusted TA value avoids interference to and from other users in adjacent timeslots, thereby minimizing data loss and maintaining Mobile QoS (call quality-of-service).
Timing Advance is significant for privacy and communications security, as its combination with other variables can allow GSM localization to find the device's position and tracking the mobile phone user. TA is also used to adjust transmission power in Space-division multiple access systems.
This limited the original range of a GSM cell site to 35km as mandated by the duration of the standard timeslots defined in the GSM specification. The maximum distance is given by the maximum time that the signal from the mobile/BTS needs to reach the receiver of the mobile/BTS on time to be successfully heard. At the air interface the delay between the transmission of the downlink (BTS) and the uplink (mobile) has an offset of 3 timeslots. Until now the mobile station has used a timing advance to compensate for the propagation delay as the distance to the BTS changes. The timing advance values are coded by 6 bits, which gives the theoretical maximum BTS/mobile separation as 35km.
By implementing the Extended Range feature, the BTS is able to receive the uplink signal in two adjacent timeslots instead of one. When the mobile station reaches its maximum timing advance, i.e. maximum range, the BTS expands its hearing window with an internal timing advance that gives the necessary time for the mobile to be heard by the BTS even from the extended distance. This extra advance is the duration of a single timeslot, a 156 bit period. This gives roughly 120 km range for a cell.[3] and is implemented in sparsely populated areas and to reach islands for example.
Hope this Answer the question:)
It's defined everytime the BTS needs to set the define the phone's transmission power, which happens quite often.
It's the core system (BTS in GSM) who totally in charge of defining it's value.
It's very dynamic, and change a lot. Globally, the GSM core system is constantly trying to find the exact distance between the BTS and the MS, so it constantly make a kind of "ping" to calculate it. The result of such operations is generally not that accurate since there are a lot of obstacles between the mobile and the BTS (it's not a direct link in an open space).
Such operations happens a lot, so use your smartphone. Simply.
I'm building an app using database.
I have a words table and everytime user types something, this app will record and update word the database.
And the frequency field will be auto increase after user enter one matched word.
But the trouble is user type day by day and i afraid the search performance will be reduce after times and also the Int field will reach to the limit (max limit Int) someday.
So, i limit the database to around less than 50.000 records.
I delete less-used records after a certain time.
But i don't know how to deal with frequency Int field of each word?
How to know exactly frequency usage of each word without increasing the field forever?
I recommend that you use a logarithmic scale for the frequency values. That's what is often done in situations like this. See Wikipedia to learn about logarithmic scales.
For example, if you have a word MAN that has a frequency of 15, the value you store in the database would be log(15) ~= 1.17609125906.
If you then find 4 new occurrences of MAN, then you want to add 4 to the field. You cannot add the log values directly because log(x)+log(y)=log(x*y). (See the Logarithm Rules section of this article for more information on log rules.)
Instead -- assuming you use a base 10 logarithm, you would use this formula:
SET frequency = log(10^frequency+4)
Depending on the length of your words, the few bytes for the frequency don't matter. With an unsigned four bytes integer, you can count up to more than two billion, which is way above the number of words what the user can type in in their whole lifespan.
So may want to go for two or three bytes, but the savings may be negligible.
Anyway, there are the following approaches for preventing overflow:
You can detect it, and then undo the operations, scale everything down by some factor of two, and then redo.
You can periodically check all your numbers and do the scaling when approaching the limit.
You can do a probabilistic update like below.
Probabilistic update
Instead of simply incrementing the frequency every time by one, you do it only with a probability which gets lower and lower as the counter grows. For example, you can do the increment with a probability of 1.0 / (oldValue + 1) or 2 ** -oldValue. The latter leads to a logarithmic growth, but, unlike the idea in the other answer, it works.
There are obviously some disadvantages due to the randomness and precision loss, but when all you care about is the relative frequency, it should be good enough.
I am new to google sheets and question which I am asking is typical math question.
I have a value (in d3) which refers to total gram of gas required, now I have to release this much (d3) gas from number of gas Cans. Gas Cans are of two kinds bigger one contains 680 grams gas and small one contains 454 grams of gas.
Now once we open the gas CAN then whole gas will be released mean to say that we cannot release part portion of gas however we can minimize wastage if we use exact (or near to exact) amount of gas required by using some big cans and some small cans. I have worked hard and found a way (see in c3:c5 and also see in b12:c12) but that is too long & that has been shown in below mentioned link.
Now I want total no. of big cans and small cans in d4 & d5 with a formula so that same criteria can be applied to all values.
It has been explained in detail with example in following link:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1zZiKMqb33kDSOIduBMayZ0NMqibcvMF-UBYYvn7VVBs/edit
Thanks in advance.
For D4 you can have =FLOOR(FLOOR(G3/680)+MOD(G3, 680)/454) and for D5 you can have =IF(G3 > G4*680, CEILING(MOD((G3-G4*680)/454, 454)), 0).
Not sure if it will work for all cases though, so make sure you do some testing. In D4, it does the same thing you did where you find the whole number of big cans. It then also calculates if the remainder is larger than one small can, then another big can will be added (it is effectively your "> 66.76" calculation). In D5, the remaining grams are calculating after taking into account how many big cans there already are. If there are remaining grams, then one small can would be calculated. If there are enough big cans to hold the gas, no small cans are necessary. It includes some calculation, but =IF(G3 > G4*680, 1, 0) should work the same, since there should only be one or zero small cans.
I am working with SPSS 18.
I am using FREQUENCIES to calculate the 95th percentile of a variable.
FREQUENCIES SdrelPromSldDeu_Acr_5_0
/FORMAT=NOTABLE
/PERCENTILES 1,5,95,99.
The result is given in a table
Statistics
SdrelPromSldDeu_Acr_5_0
N Valid 8881
Missing 0
Percentiles 1 -1,001060644014
5 -1,000541440102
95 6619,140632636228
99 9223372,036854776000
But if I double-click the 9223372,036854776 to copy it, another number appears: 1.0757943411193715E7.
If I use MEANS to get the maximum value, the result is 2.4329524990388575E8, so the number that appears on the double-click seems possible.
I have seen 9223372,03 in other cases as well, as if it were some kind of upper limit SPSS is able to display.
Can anybody tell me if the 9223372,03 represents anything useful? Should I trust the bigger number?
Thanks!
It appears to be a bug in the display of SPSS.
The number you have shown is eerily similar to
9223372036854775807
which is the highest value possible if a variable is declared as a long integer.
see also:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9223372036854775807
Since your actual number is 11 degrees smaller, it should not reach this limit. Hence the conclusion that it must be a bug in the display software.
Do not trust it.
(the number behind may or may not be right, but the 9223372,03 is surely wrong)
I have a very small question which has been baffling me for a while. I have a dataset with interesting features, but some of them are dimensionless quantities (I've tried using z-scores) on them but they've made things worse. These are:
Timestamps (Like YYYYMMDDHHMMSSMis) I am getting the last 9 chars from this.
User IDs (Like in a Hash form) How do I extract meaning from them?
IP Addresses (You know what those are). I only extract the first 3 chars.
City (Has an ID like 1,15,72) How do I extract meaning from this?
Region (Same as city) Should I extract meaning from this or just leave it?
The rest of the things are prices, widths and heights which understand. Any help or insight would be much appreciated. Thank you.
Timestamps can be transformed into Unix Timestamps, which are reasonable natural numbers
User IF/Cities/Regions are nominal values, which has to be encoded somehow. The most common approach is to create as much "dummy" dimensions as the number of possible values. So if you have 100 ciries, than you create 100 dimensions and give "1" only on the one representing a particular city (and 0 on the others)
IPs should rather be removed, or transformed into some small group of them (based on the DNS-network identification and nominal to dummy transformation as above)