Is is possible to create getters and setters for constants? I want to refer to a constant directly, and have it instantiate itself if it's value is nil. A constant declared like this:
// Prefs.h
extern MyClass * const kThing;
// Prefs.m
MyClass * const kThing = nil;
and the getter/setter would look like:
// getter
+ (MyClass *)kThing
{
_kThing = _kThing ? : [MyClass new];
return _kThing;
}
// setter
+ (void)setKThing:(MyClass *)myClass
{
_kThing = myClass
}
And then I could use it like:
[kThing doSomething];
Is this possible?
edit edited the methods to class methods
What you describe are not constants, they are global variables. You cannot define getters and setters for them, but you can use their values to back class methods, which is precisely what you have done.
However, when you send message like this
[kThing doSomething];
the global variable is used directly, bypassing your getter. If you want to go through a getter, you can write
[[MyClass kThing] doSomething];
or inside methods of MyClass you can write
[[[self class] kThing] doSomething];
Another note is that when yo implement accessor methods like that, you should make the backing variables static, rather than extern. This will ensure that other modules cannot access these variables bypassing your getters.
Global variable declaration in other file is very dangerous in objective C. Ideally we use sharedInstance. Try like this:
In MyGame.h
#interface MyGame : NSObject
{
int mScore;
}
#property(nonatomic,assign) int score;
+(MyGame*)sharedObject;
-(void)someFunction;
#end
In MyGame.m
static MyGame *gGame = nil;
#implementation MyGame
#synthesize score = mScore;
+(MyGame*)sharedObject
{
if(!gGame)
{
gGame = [[MyGame alloc] init];
}
return gGame;
}
-(void)someFunction
{
}
#end
To access anywhere in project:
#import "MyGame.h"
[MyGame sharedObject].score;
[MyGame sharedObject] someFunction];
The short answer is that this is not possible.
MyClass * const kThing = nil;
means that kThing is a constant pointer, which means that the address in memory that it points to cannot be changed. So once it's set to nil, it can't later be set to a new object.
Related
Hello everyone i am new to objective c. The following code is not mine. I am just trying to understand how it works. I have a ViewController that has this property in the .h file.
#property (nullable, nonatomic, copy) dispatch_block_t logHandler;
Inside the .m file the logHandler is called when a button is pressed with the following code.
- (IBAction)login:(id)sender {
if (nil != self.logHandler) {
self.logHandler();
}
}
Then the logHandler is called which exists in another class NSObject file
inside the .h file
#interface LogFlow : NSObject<TheFlowController>
#end
and in .m file
- (UIViewController *)rootViewController {
LogViewController *viewController = LogViewController.newInstance;
viewController.logHandler = ^{
UIViewController *logController = [self startNewLogFlow];
[self.navigationController pushViewController:logController animated:YES];
};
return viewController;
}
I do not understand why the logHandler exists in another class and why it is called from this specific class, and how is it possible to call this code from another class without any import used? I am trying to understand when to use this kind of implementation and how to use it. Any help appreciated.
The construct that you see in the rootViewController:
^{
UIViewController *logController = [self startNewLogFlow];
[self.navigationController pushViewController:logController animated:YES];
};
This is what's known as a "Block" in Objective-C. You may find other references to it in other languages as an "anonymous function" or a "closure". Those names apply here as well.
This creates an object that is just a function, but the function doesn't have a name. You can also assign the unnamed function to variables and call it from the variable - which is what happens here. The anonymous function, the block, is assigned to the logHandler instance variable of the viewController object. Later some other code can call that function through the variable as you see in your login: example.
Here's a simpler block that is just plain Objective-C:
int squareFunction(int x) {
return x * x;
}
void playWithSquares(void);
void playWithSquares(void) {
int nine = squareFunction(3);
int alsoNine = (^(int x){
return x * x;
})(3);
}
The declaration of squareFunction creates a named function that calculates the square of two integers.
You also see the the expression:
^(int x){
return x * x;
};
This also creates a function that calculates the square of an integer, but it doesn't bind that function to a name. Since it has no name we call the function immediately by wrapping it in parenthesis and then passing it arguments (<anonymous function expression>)(3)
We could store the anonymous function in a variable:
typedef int (^SquaresBlock)(int);
SquaresBlock myBlock = ^(int x){
return x * x;
};
and then call it later using squaresBlock(3)
Blocks are very important in Cocoa's use of Objective-C so you should learn more about them.
https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/Blocks/Articles/00_Introduction.html
Why can self be used in implementation methods, or in class methods? What's the internal structure of self? eg:
#import "Person.h"
#implementation Person
+ (void)initialize
{
[super initialize];
[self setupModel];
}
- (instancetype)init
{
self = [super init];
if (self) {
[self test];
}
return self;
}
+ (void)setupModel
{
NSLog(#"setup a person object");
}
- (void)test
{
NSLog(#"this method is called");
}
#end
Code run results:
2018-09-17 09:32:40.615578+0800 Test[662:301213] setup a person object
2018-09-17 09:32:40.615662+0800 Test[662:301213] this method is called
Code run results
For instance methods, self is a reference to the current object.
For class methods, self is a reference to the current class.
If you declare an Objective-C method like this
- (void)doSomethingWithObject:(id)object { ... }
the compiler basically just turns it into a a C function with the following signature:
void _i_classname_doSomethingWithObject_(const id self, const SEL _cmd, id object) { ... }
(where classname is the name of the class the method belongs to. for class methods, the i becomes a c)
When you call the method [foo doSomethingWithObject:bar], the compiler turns that method call into a call to objc_msgSend, which "forwards" the call to the correct implementation:
objc_msgSend(foo, #selector(doSomethingWithObject:), bar);
As you can see, the parameters passed to objc_megSend are the same expected by the C function containing the implementation of the Objective-C method.
These are implementation details, so you shouldn't rely on them:
self is either a tagged pointer or a genuine pointer to an struct that starts with the isa field and then contains all of the object's instance variables.
The isa field is itself either a set of bitfields that contains the instance's retain contain, some flags, and a pointer to the Class of the instance, or (on older and 32-bit platforms) it is just a pointer to the Class of the instance (in which case the retain count is stored in a global hash table).
I'm trying to use class property following this example. But I'm getting the following error:"Use of undecleared identifier '_myProperty'".
Here is my implementation:
#interface myClass()
#property (class,strong,nonatomic) NSString *myProperty;
#end
+ (NSString*)myProperty
{
if (!_myProperty) {
}
return [NSString new];
}
Why I'm getting this error? or any of you knows a work around this?
I'll really appreciate your help
Class properties don't get synthesized in Objective-C. You have to provide your own backing variable and your own getter/setter:
static NSString *_myProperty = nil;
+ (NSString *)myProperty {
if (!_myProperty) {
_myProperty = [NSString new];
}
return _myProperty;
}
+ (void)setMyProperty:(NSString *)myProperty {
_myProperty = myProperty;
}
Class properties and never auto-synthesised, the getter and/or setter must be implemented, and no backing variable is automatically created for them.
If your property needs a variable you must declare one, use a static global in the implementation file - that is effectively a "class variable" in Objective-C. Alternatively if you only require a getter you can declare a static variable local to the getter itself, further reducing its visibility and keeping the getter and variable together as a package.
HTH
In fact, class property is not a member of a class. So it will be created at once and all instances will use this one. So there is nothing to synthesize.
My code invokes a C library function:
#implementation Store
...
-(void) doWork {
// this is a C function from a library
int data = getData();
...
}
end
I am unit testing the above function, I want to mock the C function getData() in my test, here is my test case:
#interface StoreTests : XCTestCase {
int mData;
Store *store;
}
#end
#implementation StoreTests
-(void) setUp {
[super setUp];
mData = 0;
store = [[Store alloc] init];
}
-(void) testDoWork {
// this call will use the mocked getData(), no problem here.
[store doWork];
}
// mocked getData()
int getData() {
mData = 10; // Use of undeclared identifier 'mData', why?
return mData;
}
...
#end
Why I get complier error:
Use of undeclared identifier 'mData' inside mocked getData() function?
You are misunderstanding how instance methods and variables work.
Every instance method has a variable self which references the current instance (or "current object") and a use of an instance variable, such as mData, is shorthand for accessing that variable using self, e.g self->mData, where -> is the (Objective-)C operator for field access. So your setup method written "long hand" is:
-(void) setUp {
[super setUp];
self->mData = 0;
self->store = [[Store alloc] init];
}
But where does self, the reference to the instance, itself come from? Well it's not magical, just hidden, it is passed to an instance method automatically as a hidden extra argument. At this point which switch to pseudo-code to show this. Your setup method is effectively compiled as:
-(void) setUp withSelf:(StoreTest *)self {
[super setUp];
self->mData = 0;
self->store = [[Store alloc] init];
}
and a call such as:
StoreTests *myStoreTests = ...
[myStoreTests setup];
is effectively compiled as something like:
[myStoreTests setup withSelf:myStoreTests];
automatically adding the extra self argument.
Now all the above only applies to methods, and enables them to access instance variables and methods, it does not apply to plain C functions - they have no hidden self argument and cannot access instance variables.
The solution you mention in the answer you added of declaring mData outside of the interface:
int mData;
#interface StoreTests : XCTestCase {
Store *store;
}
#end
changes mData into a global variable, instead of being an instance variable. C functions can access global variables. However this does mean that every instance of the class shares the same mData, there is only one mData in this case rather than one for every instance.
Making an instance variable into a global is therefore not a general solution to to issues like this, however as it is unlikely that you will have more than one instance of your StoreTests class it is a suitable solution in this case.
You should however make one change: you can only have one global variable with a given name with a program, so your mData must be unique and is accessible by any code within your program, not just the code of StoreTests. You can mitigate this my declaring the variable as static:
static int mData;
this keeps the variable as global but only makes it visible to code within the same file as the declaration, which is probably just the code of StoreTests.
HTH
I found one solution for my question, that is declare mData above #interface StoreTests : XCTestCase, something like this:
int mData;
#interface StoreTests : XCTestCase {
Store *store;
}
#end
...
If I want to access a variable that is declared in Class A and I
want to use that variable in Class B .
I don't want to use Property.
How Can I do ?
It is bad practice to declare a public variable without making it a property.
You may also use KVC to access(both read and write) ivar, even if it is readonly.
[instanceOfMyClass valueForKey:#"myIvar"];
I hope someone finds my first stackOverflow answer helpful :)
#interface Class1
{
#public
int var; // if you not declare it public by default it'll be protected
}
// methods...
#end
// Inside a Class2 method:
Class1 *obj = ...;
obj->var = 3;
But property approach is far better.
Well, you can declare variable as public and access it with selector operator, but this is not recommended:
#interface A:NSObject{
#public
int x;
}
#end
...
//Somewhere inside class B
A *a = [[A alloc] init];
a->x;
However it's hard to imagine why it can be better that to use a property.
The 4 possibles cases that I can think to access a variable are:
1 Declare the variable in class A as public
#public
BOOL _test;
Totally not recommended. If you need a public variable you use a property.
2 Use a property.
#property (readonly, getter = myMehtodName) id myVariable;
3 Use a custom method. In practice it acts the same as a property with readonly attribute. Also you can access it with the dot notation.
4 Use KVC to access the variable.
This can be useful when you don't know the name of the property / variable in compilation time.
A little example:
NSString *myKey = [self obtainKey];
id myVariable = [self valueForKey:myKey];
if ([myVariable isKindOfClass:[NSString class]]) {
//Do something
}else {
//Do another thing
}
Note that key can be either a method name or a variable.