I'm working on a face recognition project in which we are using PCA to reduce feature vector size of an image. The trouble is, during training, I create the PCA object by incorporating all the training images. Now, during testing, I need the PCA object obtained earlier.
I cannot seem to figure out how to write the PCA object to a file, so that I can use it during testing. One alternative is that I write it's eigenvectors to the file. But it would be so much more convenient to write the object itself. Is there a way to do this?
As far as I know, there is no generic way of saving PCA objects to a file. You will need to save eigenvectors, eigenvalues and mean to a file, and then put them into a new PCA after loading. You have to remember to use a format that doesn't lose precision, especially for mean.
Here is some example code:
#include "opencv2/core/core.hpp"
#include <iostream>
...
cv::PCA pca1;
cv::PCA pca2;
cv::Mat eigenval,eigenvec,mean;
cv::Mat inputData;
cv::Mat outputData1,outputData2;
//input data has been populated with data to be used
pca1(inputData,Mat()/*dont have previously computed mean*/,
CV_PCA_DATA_AS_ROW /*depends of your data layout*/);//pca is computed
pca1.project(inputData,outputData1);
//here is how to extract matrices from pca
mean=pca1.mean.clone();
eigenval=pca1.eigenvalues.clone();
eigenvec=pca1.eigenvectors.clone();
//here You can save mean,eigenval and eigenvec matrices
//and here is how to use them to make another pca
pca2.eigenvalues=eigenval;
pca2.eigenvectors=eigenvec;
pca2.mean=mean;
pca2.project(inputData,outputData2);
cv::Mat diff;//here some proof that it works
cv::absdiff(outputData1,outputData2,diff);
std::cerr<<sum(diff)[0]<<std::endl; //assuming Youre using one channel data, there
//is data only in first cell of the returned scalar
// if zero was printed, both output data matrices are identical
You may try this.
void save(const string &file_name,cv::PCA pca_)
{
FileStorage fs(file_name,FileStorage::WRITE);
fs << "mean" << pca_.mean;
fs << "e_vectors" << pca_.eigenvectors;
fs << "e_values" << pca_.eigenvalues;
fs.release();
}
int load(const string &file_name,cv::PCA pca_)
{
FileStorage fs(file_name,FileStorage::READ);
fs["mean"] >> pca_.mean ;
fs["e_vectors"] >> pca_.eigenvectors ;
fs["e_values"] >> pca_.eigenvalues ;
fs.release();
}
Here is the source.
Related
Greetings for the past week (or more) I've been struggling with a problem.
Scenario:
I am developing an app which will allow an expert to create a recipe using a provided image of something to be used as a base. The recipe consists of areas of interests. The program's purpose is to allow non experts to use it, providing images similar to that original and the software cross checks these different areas of interest from the Recipe image to the Provided image.
One use-case scenario could be banknotes. The expert would select an area on an a good picture of a banknote that is genuine, and then the user would provide the software with images of banknotes that need to be checked. So illumination, as well as capturing device could be different.
I don't want you guys to delve into the nature of comparing banknotes, that's another monster to tackle and I got it covered for the most part.
My Problem:
Initially I shrink one of the two pictures to the size of the smaller one.
So now we are dealing with pictures having the same size. (I actually perform the shrinking to the areas of interest and not the whole picture, but that shouldn't matter.)
I have tried and used different methodologies compare these parts but each one had it's limitations due to the nature of the images. Illumination might be different, provided image might have some sort of contamination etc.
What have I tried:
Simple image similarity comparison using RGB difference.
Problem is provided image could be totally different but colours could be similar. So I would get high percentages on "totally" different banknotes.
SSIM on RGB Images.
Would give really low percentage of similarity on all channels.
SSIM after using sobel filter.
Again low percentage of similarity.
I used SSIM from both Scikit in python and SSIM from OpenCV
Feature matching with Flann.
Couldn't find a good way to use detected matches to extract a similarity.
Basically I am guessing that I need to use various methods and algorithms to achieve the best result. My gut tells me that I will need to combine RGB comparison results with a methodology that will:
Perform some form of edge detection like sobel.
Compare the results based on shape matching or something similar.
I am an image analysis newbie and I also tried to find a way to compare, the sobel products of the provided images, using mean and std calculations from openCV, however I either did it wrong, or the results I got were useless anyway. I calculated the eucledian distance between the vectors that resulted from mean and std calculation, however I could not use the results mainly because I couldn't see how they related between images.
I am not providing code I used, firslty because I scrapped some of it, and secondly because I am not looking for a code solution but a methodology or some direction to study-material. (I've read shitload of papers already).
Finally I am not trying to detect similar images, but given two images, extract the similarity between them, trying to bypass small differences created by illumination or paper distortion etc.
Finally I would like to say that I tested all the methods by providing the same image twice and I would get 100% similarity, so I didn't totally fuck it up.
Is what I am trying even possible without some sort of training sets to teach the software what are the acceptable variants of the image? (Again I have no idea if that even makes sense :D )
I think you can try Feature Matching, like SURF alogrithm, FLANN
https://docs.opencv.org/3.3.0/dc/dc3/tutorial_py_matcher.html
http://www.coldvision.io/2016/06/27/object-detection-surf-knn-flann-opencv-3-x-cuda/
Example of Feature Detection using SURF : https://docs.opencv.org/3.0-beta/doc/tutorials/features2d/feature_detection/feature_detection.html
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include "opencv2/core.hpp"
#include "opencv2/features2d.hpp"
#include "opencv2/xfeatures2d.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
using namespace cv;
using namespace cv::xfeatures2d;
void readme();
/** #function main */
int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
if( argc != 3 )
{ readme(); return -1; }
Mat img_1 = imread( argv[1], IMREAD_GRAYSCALE );
Mat img_2 = imread( argv[2], IMREAD_GRAYSCALE );
if( !img_1.data || !img_2.data )
{ std::cout<< " --(!) Error reading images " << std::endl; return -1; }
//-- Step 1: Detect the keypoints using SURF Detector
int minHessian = 400;
Ptr<SURF> detector = SURF::create( minHessian );
std::vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_1, keypoints_2;
detector->detect( img_1, keypoints_1 );
detector->detect( img_2, keypoints_2 );
//-- Draw keypoints
Mat img_keypoints_1; Mat img_keypoints_2;
drawKeypoints( img_1, keypoints_1, img_keypoints_1, Scalar::all(-1), DrawMatchesFlags::DEFAULT );
drawKeypoints( img_2, keypoints_2, img_keypoints_2, Scalar::all(-1), DrawMatchesFlags::DEFAULT );
//-- Show detected (drawn) keypoints
imshow("Keypoints 1", img_keypoints_1 );
imshow("Keypoints 2", img_keypoints_2 );
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
/** #function readme */
void readme()
{ std::cout << " Usage: ./SURF_detector <img1> <img2>" << std::endl; }
Ok after some digging around, this is what I came with :
#!/usr/bin/env
import numpy as np
import cv2
import sys
import matplotlib.image as mpimg
from skimage import io
from skimage import measure
import time
s = 0
imgA = cv2.imread(sys.argv[1])
imgB = cv2.imread(sys.argv[2])
#imgA = cv2.imread('imageA.bmp')
#imgB = cv2.imread('imageB.bmp')
imgA = cv2.cvtColor(imgA, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
imgB = cv2.cvtColor(imgB, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
ret,imgA = cv2.threshold(imgA,127,255,0)
ret,imgB = cv2.threshold(imgB,127,255,0)
imgAContours, contoursA, hierarchyA = cv2.findContours(imgA, cv2.RETR_TREE , cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
imgBContours, contoursB, hierarchyB = cv2.findContours(imgB, cv2.RETR_TREE , cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)
imgAContours = cv2.drawContours(imgAContours,contoursA,-1,(0,0,0),1)
imgBContours = cv2.drawContours(imgBContours,contoursB,-1,(0,0,0),1)
imgAContours = cv2.medianBlur(imgAContours,5)
imgBContours = cv2.medianBlur(imgBContours,5)
#s = 100 * 1/(1+cv2.matchShapes(imgAContours,imgBContours,cv2.CONTOURS_MATCH_I2,0.0))
#s = measure.compare_ssim(imgAContours,imgBContours)
#equality = np.equal(imgAContours,imgBContours)
total = 0.0
sum = 0.0
for x in range(len(imgAContours)):
for y in range(len(imgAContours[x])):
total +=1
t = imgAContours[x,y] == imgBContours[x,y]
if t:
sum+=1
s = (sum/total) * 100
print(s)
Basically I preprocess the two images as simply as possible, then I find the contours. Now the matchShapes function from openCV was not giving me the results I wanted.
So I create two images using the information from the contours, and then I apply a median blur filter.
Currently, I am doing a simply boolean check pixel to pixel. However I am planning to change this in the future, making it smarter. Probably with some array math.
If anyone has any suggestions, they are welcome.
i am using the following code in the descriptor_extractor_matcher.cpp sample to compute the descriptors of img1 (Mat descriptors01), write it to my disk and load it back (Mat descriptors1). (same steps for the keypoints, but code is rather much the same ...)
Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptorExtractor = DescriptorExtractor::create( argv[2] );
...
Mat descriptors01;
descriptorExtractor->compute( img1, keypoints1, descriptors01 ); // compute descriptors
FileStorage storage("test.yml", FileStorage::WRITE); //save it to disc
storage << "blub" << descriptors01;
storage.release();
Mat descriptors1;
FileStorage storage1("test.yml", FileStorage::READ); // load it again
storage1["blub"] >> descriptors1;
storage1.release();
The keypoints & descriptors for image 2 are computed and used without saving and loading.
I am using only the loaded data (keypoints & descriptors) for image 1 for the matching, so for the descriptors: descriptors1.
Now here is the thing: if I compare the cases
A) Using the code above for computing, storing and loading;
B) Using only loaded data (without computing and store it again)
for the matching I get different results, as you can see in the pictures for keypoints aswell as for the matching descriptors. I would have expect no differences... What am I missing here? Must I compare 2 images, and cannot compare an image to a stored set of keypoints and it's descriptors ?
Of course I'm using the same values for [detectorType] [descriptorType] [matcherType] [matcherFilterType] [image1] [image2] [ransacReprojThreshold], by the way ;)
Thanks alot!
UPDATE:
It seems the issue is depending on the descriptor. Working with loaded descriptors works for SIFT and SURF, but not for ORB and other. Images: Results with different descriptors for case A and B:
Try repeating A or B individually and see if the results are coming out to be the same. I suspect they won't and I say that because, #1 Your object of interest has poor texture and that would result in poor descriptors. #2 The viewpoint change between the two images is huge and which leads to the problem of non-repeatability even for the best of the descriptors like SIFT.
Now, comes the part of how to solve this repeatability issue, #1 use some threshold on the norm of the descriptor so that only very strong features are used for matching. #2 use the epipolar constraint along with RANSAC to filter out wrong matches. I am attaching two images to show how the filter hugely affects the correspondences.
Using SURF to find correspondence between the two images (two images in red-cyan colormap)
After filtering the images using RANSAC using epipolar constraint.
Feel free to comment and discuss further over this issue. :-)
I have a folder of images of a car from every angle. I want to use the bag of words approach to train the system in recognizing the car. Once the training is done, I want that if an image of that car is given it should be able to recognize it.
I have been trying to learn the BOW function in opencv in order to make this work and have come at a level where I do not know what to do now and some guidance would be appreciated.
Here is my code that I used to make the bag of words:
Ptr<FeatureDetector> features = FeatureDetector::create("SIFT");
Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptors = DescriptorExtractor::create("SIFT");
Ptr<DescriptorMatcher> matcher = DescriptorMatcher::create("FlannBased");
//defining terms for bowkmeans trainer
TermCriteria tc(MAX_ITER + EPS, 10, 0.001);
int dictionarySize = 1000;
int retries = 1;
int flags = KMEANS_PP_CENTERS;
BOWKMeansTrainer bowTrainer(dictionarySize, tc, retries, flags);
BOWImgDescriptorExtractor bowDE(descriptors, matcher);
//training data now
Mat features;
Mat img = imread("c:\\1.jpg", 0);
Mat img2 = imread("c:\\2.jpg", 0);
vector<KeyPoint> keypoints, keypoints2;
features->detect(img, keypoints);
features->detect(img2,keypoints2);
descriptor->compute(img, keypoints, features);
Mat features2;
descripto->compute(img2, keypoints2, features2);
bowTrainer.add(features);
bowTrainer.add(features2);
Mat dictionary = bowTrainer.cluster();
bowDE.setVocabulary(dictionary);
This is all based on the BOW documentation.
I think at this stage my system is trained. and the next step is predicting.
this is where I dont know what to do. If I use SVM or NormalBayesClassifier they both use the terms train and predict.
How do I predict and train after this? any guidance would be much appreciated. How do I connect the training of the classifier to my `bowDE`` function?
Your next step is to extract the actual bag of word descriptors. You can do this using the compute function from the BOWImgDescriptorExtractor. Something like
bowDE.compute(img, keypoints, bow_descriptor);
Using this function you create descriptors which you then gather into a matrix which serves as the input for the classifier functions. Maybe this tutorial can guide you a little bit.
Another thing I would like to mention is, that for classification you usually need at least 2 classes. So you also need some images which do not contain cars to train a classifier.
I am trying to extract features using OpenCV's HoG API, however I can't seem to find the API that allow me to do that.
What I am trying to do is to extract features using HoG from all my dataset (a set number of positive and negative images), then train my own SVM.
I peeked into HoG.cpp under OpenCV, and it didn't help. All the codes are buried within complexities and the need to cater for different hardwares (e.g. Intel's IPP)
My question is:
Is there any API from OpenCV that I can use to extract all those features / descriptors to be fed into a SVM ? If there's how can I use it to train my own SVM ?
If there isn't, are there any existing libraries out there, which could accomplish the same thing ?
So far, I am actually porting an existing library (http://hogprocessing.altervista.org/) from Processing (Java) to C++, but it's still very slow, with detection taking around at least 16 seconds
Has anyone else successfully to extract HoG features, how did you go around it ? And do you have any open source codes which I could use ?
Thanks in advance
You can use hog class in opencv as follows
HOGDescriptor hog;
vector<float> ders;
vector<Point> locs;
This function computes the hog features for you
hog.compute(grayImg, ders, Size(32, 32), Size(0, 0), locs);
The HOG features computed for grayImg are stored in ders vector to make it into a matrix, which can be used later for training.
Mat Hogfeat(ders.size(), 1, CV_32FC1);
for(int i=0;i<ders.size();i++)
Hogfeat.at<float>(i,0)=ders.at(i);
Now your HOG features are stored in Hogfeat matrix.
You can also set the window size, cell size and block size by using object hog as follows:
hog.blockSize = 16;
hog.cellSize = 4;
hog.blockStride = 8;
// This is for comparing the HOG features of two images without using any SVM
// (It is not an efficient way but useful when you want to compare only few or two images)
// Simple distance
// Consider you have two HOG feature vectors for two images Hogfeat1 and Hogfeat2 and those are same size.
double distance = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < Hogfeat.rows; i++)
distance += abs(Hogfeat.at<float>(i, 0) - Hogfeat.at<float>(i, 0));
if (distance < Threshold)
cout<<"Two images are of same class"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Two images are of different class"<<endl;
Hope it is useful :)
I also wrote the program of 2 hog feature comparing with the help of the above article.
And I apply this method to check ROI region changing or not.
Please refer to the page here.
source code and simple introduction
Here is GPU version as well.
cv::Mat temp;
gpu::GpuMat gpu_img, descriptors;
cv::gpu::HOGDescriptor gpu_hog(win_size, Size(16, 16), Size(8, 8), Size(8, 8), 9,
cv::gpu::HOGDescriptor::DEFAULT_WIN_SIGMA, 0.2, gamma_corr,
cv::gpu::HOGDescriptor::DEFAULT_NLEVELS);
gpu_img.upload(img);
gpu_hog.getDescriptors(gpu_img, win_stride, descriptors, cv::gpu::HOGDescriptor::DESCR_FORMAT_ROW_BY_ROW);
descriptors.download(temp);
OpenCV 3 provides some changes to the way GPU algorithms (i.e. CUDA) can be used by the user, see the Transition Guide - CUDA.
To update the answer from user3398689 to OpenCV 3, here is a snipped code:
#include <opencv2/core/cuda.hpp>
#include <opencv2/cudaimgproc.hpp>
[...]
/* Suppose you load an image in a cv::Mat variable called 'src' */
int img_width = 320;
int img_height = 240;
int block_size = 16;
int bin_number = 9;
cv::Ptr<cv::cuda::HOG> cuda_hog = cuda::HOG::create(Size(img_width, img_height),
Size(block_size, block_size),
Size(block_size/2, block_size/2),
Size(block_size/2, block_size/2),
bin_number);
/* The following commands are optional: default values applies */
cuda_hog->setDescriptorFormat(cuda::HOG::DESCR_FORMAT_COL_BY_COL);
cuda_hog->setGammaCorrection(true);
cuda_hog->setWinStride(Size(img_width_, img_height_));
cv::cuda::GpuMat image;
cv::cuda::GpuMat descriptor;
image.upload(src);
/* May not apply to you */
/* CUDA HOG works with intensity (1 channel) or BGRA (4 channels) images */
/* The next function call convert a standard BGR image to BGRA using the GPU */
cv::cuda::GpuMat image_alpha;
cuda::cvtColor(image, image_alpha, COLOR_BGR2BGRA, 4);
cuda_hog->compute(image_alpha, descriptor);
cv::Mat dst;
image_alpha.download(dst);
You can then use the descriptors in 'dst' variable as you prefer like, e.g., as suggested by G453.
I am trying to implement a face recognition training function with opencv, using "eigenfaces". I have the sample data, but I can't find any info on CalcPCA function arguments. All I know is that it takes data matrix, reference to average eigenface matrix, reference to eigen vector, and reference to eigen values matrix.
My question is, how should I pass the data from several test image matrices into the first argument of CalcPCA so I can get the average eigenface and vectors?
This seems to be a good example: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/OpenCV/message/47627
You can do in this way:
You have for example 10 Mat where each math represent an image.
Now you can create a new Mat that you can put into this new Mat the previus 10 Mat.
At this point use Mat.pushback(...) to insert the 10 Mat.
Hope this is helpful for you.
Marco