Objective C - Assign, Copy, Retain - ios

Question

I'm new to Objective C. I have basic knowledge in C, including the concept of pointers. I have two basic questions:
Can someone explain the difference between assign,copy, and retain with some analogy?
How do you handle a function which returns pointer variable, and how do you perform messaging through a return pointer?

Answer 1

Updated Answer for Changed Documentation
The information is now spread across several guides in the documentation. Here's a list of required reading:
Cocoa Core Competencies: Declared property
Programming with Objective-C: Encapsulating Data
Transitioning to ARC Release Notes
Advanced Memory Management Programming Guide
Objective-C Runtime Programming Guide: Declared Properties
The answer to this question now depends entirely on whether you're using an ARC-managed application (the modern default for new projects) or forcing manual memory management.
Assign vs. Weak - Use assign to set a property's pointer to the address of the object without retaining it or otherwise curating it; use weak to have the property point to nil automatically if the object assigned to it is deallocated. In most cases you'll want to use weak so you're not trying to access a deallocated object (illegal access of a memory address - "EXC_BAD_ACCESS") if you don't perform proper cleanup.
Retain vs. Copy - Declared properties use retain by default (so you can simply omit it altogether) and will manage the object's reference count automatically whether another object is assigned to the property or it's set to nil; Use copy to automatically send the newly-assigned object a -copy message (which will create a copy of the passed object and assign that copy to the property instead - useful (even required) in some situations where the assigned object might be modified after being set as a property of some other object (which would mean that modification/mutation would apply to the property as well).

Answer 2

The Memory Management Programming Guide from the iOS Reference Library has basics of assign, copy, and retain with analogies and examples.
copy
Makes a copy of an object, and returns it with retain count of 1.
If you copy an object, you own the copy. This applies to any method that contains the word copy where “copy” refers to the object being returned.
retain Increases the retain count of an object by 1. Takes ownership of
an object.
release Decreases the retain count of an object by 1. Relinquishes
ownership of an object.

Answer 3

NSMutableArray *array = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithObjects:#"First",#"Second", nil];
NSMutableArray *copiedArray = [array mutableCopy];
NSMutableArray *retainedArray = [array retain];
[retainedArray addObject:#"Retained Third"];
[copiedArray addObject:#"Copied Third"];
NSLog(#"array = %#",array);
NSLog(#"Retained Array = %#",retainedArray);
NSLog(#"Copied Array = %#",copiedArray);
array = (
First,
Second,
"Retained Third"
)
Retained Array = (
First,
Second,
"Retained Third"
)
Copied Array = (
First,
Second,
"Copied Third"
)

Answer 4

assign
assign is a default property attribute
assign is a property attribute tells the compiler how to synthesize the property’s setter implementation
copy:
copy is required when the object is mutable
copy returns an object which you must explicitly release (e.g., in dealloc) in non-garbage collected environments
you need to release the object when finished with it because you are retaining the copy
retain:
specifies the new value should be sent “-retain” on assignment and the old value sent “-release”
if you write retain it will auto work like strong
Methods like “alloc” include an implicit “retain”