I'm trying to prove:
AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse :
∀ {n : ℕ} (todos : Vec Todo (1 + n)) (text : String) →
Todo.completed (last (AddTodo todos text)) ≡ false
AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse todos text = ?
where
AddTodoLastAddedElementIsTodo :
∀ {a} {A : Set a} {n} (todos : Vec Todo n) (text : String) →
last (AddTodo todos text) ≡
record
{ id = 1
; completed = false
; text = text
}
AddTodoLastAddedElementIsTodo todos text = vecLast todos
and
vecLast : ∀ {a} {A : Set a} {l n} (xs : Vec A n) → last (xs ∷ʳ l) ≡ l
vecLast [] = refl
vecLast (_ ∷ xs) = P.trans (prop (xs ∷ʳ _)) (vecLast xs)
where
prop : ∀ {a} {A : Set a} {n x} (xs : Vec A (suc n)) → last (x ∷ xs) ≡ last xs
prop xs with initLast xs
... | _ , _ , refl = refl
I tried using rewrite and got:
AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse :
∀ {a} {A : Set a} {n} (todos : Vec Todo n) (text : String) →
Todo.completed (last (AddTodo todos text)) ≡ false
AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse todos text rewrite AddTodoLastAddedElementIsTodo todos text = refl
but the error:
_a_100 : Agda.Primitive.Level
showed up.
I'm not sure how to resolve this.
from here I understand that this is related to the implicit argument. But not sure how to fix it
This sort of error indicates an unsolved metavariable, which means that Agda has failed to infer an implicit argument
Thanks!
You do not use A for anything in the type of AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse. Also, that is not an error, but an unsolved meta.
So what happens is that wherever you use AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse, nothing in the arguments or the result type constrains the choice of A (and, subsequently, a) so the unifier has no way of solving these metavariables. You can make explicit what happens by writing AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse {a = _} {A = _} and observing that these two metas are unsolved.
You should simply remove the first two parameters (a and A) from AddTodoSetsNewCompletedToFalse's type.
Related
Say I have type dependent on Nat
data MyType : (i : ℕ) → Set where
cons : (i : ℕ) → MyType i
and a function:
combine : {i₁ i₂ : ℕ} → MyType i₁ → MyType i₂ → MyType (i₁ ⊔ i₂)
Now I'm trying to write a function:
create-combined : (i : ℕ) → MyType i
create-combined i = combine {i} {i} (cons i) (cons i)
Unfortunately, I get the error message:
i ⊔ i != i of type ℕ
when checking that the inferred type of an application
MyType (i ⊔ i)
matches the expected type
MyType i
I know I can prove i ⊔ i ≡ i, but I don't know how to give that proof to the type system in order to get this to resolve.
How do I get this to compile?
You can use subst from Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality.
You give it:
the proof that i ⊔ i ≡ i
the dependent type that should be transformed with the proof, in your case MyType
the term to be transformed, in your case combine {i} {i} (cons i) (cons i)
Or you can use the rewrite keyword as well on your proof, which is usually to be preferred.
Here is an (artificial) example of both possibilities applied on vector concatenation:
module ConsVec where
open import Data.Vec
open import Data.Nat
open import Data.Nat.Properties
open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
_++₁_ : ∀ {a} {A : Set a} {m n} → Vec A m → Vec A n → Vec A (n + m)
_++₁_ {m = m} {n} v₁ v₂ = subst (Vec _) (+-comm m n) (v₁ ++ v₂)
_++₂_ : ∀ {a} {A : Set a} {m n} → Vec A m → Vec A n → Vec A (n + m)
_++₂_ {m = m} {n} v₁ v₂ rewrite sym (+-comm m n) = v₁ ++ v₂
What is wrong with this code?
EDIT:
I'm sending all the code including dependencies, imports, flags, etc.
I can't figure out where the error might be. I would be very grateful if someone could direct me how to fix this error.
{-# OPTIONS --type-in-type --without-K #-}
module Basic where
Type = Set
data Path {A : Type} : A → A → Type where
id : {M : A} → Path M M
_≃_ : {A : Type} → A → A → Type
_≃_ = Path
infix 9 _≃_
ap : {A B : Type} {M N : A}
(f : A → B) → Path{A} M N → Path{B} (f M) (f N)
ap f id = id
ap≃ : ∀ {A} {B : A → Type} {f g : (x : A) → B x}
→ Path f g → {x : A} → Path (f x) (g x)
ap≃ α {x} = ap (\ f → f x) α
postulate
λ≃ : ∀ {A} {B : A → Type} {f g : (x : A) → B x}
→ ((x : A) → Path (f x) (g x))
I'm getting this error:
Failed to solve the following constraints:
Has bigger sort: _44
piSort _25 (λ _ → Set) = Set
Has bigger sort: _25
Any help?
I didn't get quite the same error, but I got the file to check by annotating A with type Type in the type of λ≃:
postulate
λ≃ : ∀ {A : Type} {B : A → Type} {f g : (x : A) → B x}
→ ((x : A) → Path (f x) (g x))
The error I saw comes about because Agda will usually assume that you might want to use universe polymorphism, and there happens to be nothing else in the type of λ≃ that constrains A to the lowest universe Type.
I'm new to Agda and am puzzled by this one.
open import Data.Vec
open import Data.Nat
open import Data.Nat.DivMod
open import Data.Fin hiding (_+_ ; splitAt)
open import Data.Product
open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
difference : ∀ m (n : Fin m) → ∃ λ o → m ≡ toℕ n + o
difference zero ()
difference (suc m) zero = suc m , refl
difference (suc m) (suc n) with difference m n
difference (suc m) (suc n) | o , p1 = o , cong suc p1
takeFin : ∀ {A : Set} {m : ℕ} (n : Fin m) → Vec A m → Vec A (toℕ n)
takeFin {A} {m = m} n vec with difference m n
... | o , p rewrite p with splitAt (toℕ n) vec
... | xs , _ , _ = xs
The takeFin function gives the error message:
m != lhs of type ℕ
when checking that the type
{m : ℕ} (n : Fin m) (o : ℕ) (p : m ≡ toℕ n + o) (lhs : ℕ) →
lhs ≡ toℕ n + o → {A : Set} (vec : Vec A lhs) → Vec A (toℕ n)
of the generated with function is well-formed
but the following functions do compile
takeFin' : ∀ {A : Set} {m : ℕ} (n : Fin m) → Vec A m → Vec A m
takeFin' {A} {m = m} n a vec with difference m n
... | o , p rewrite p with splitAt (toℕ n) vec
... | xs , ys , _ = xs ++ ys
takeFin'' : ∀ {A : Set} {m : ℕ} (n : Fin m) → A → Vec A m → Vec A (toℕ n)
takeFin'' {A} {m = m} n a vec = replicate a
Can anyone help me out?
As new Agda users tend to do, you did complicate matters a lot more than you needed to. What you intend to prove can actually be done in a much simpler way, as follows:
open import Data.Vec
open import Data.Fin
takeFin : ∀ {a} {A : Set a} {m} {n : Fin m} → Vec A m → Vec A (toℕ n)
takeFin {n = zero} (x ∷ v) = []
takeFin {n = suc _} (x ∷ v) = x ∷ takeFin v
You should always try to write simple inductive proofs rather than using unnecessary intermediate lemmas.
As to why your version does not typecheck (it's not compilation, it's type checking) the reason lies in your rewrite call which is made on an element of m ≡ toℕ n + o while your goal is of type Vec A (toℕ n) and does not contain any occurrence of m. What you want to do instead is to transform the type of vec in your context, while rewrite only acts over the goal. Here is how I would make it work:
takeFin : ∀ {A : Set} {m} {n : Fin m} → Vec A m → Vec A (toℕ n)
takeFin {m = m} {n} vec with difference m n
... | _ , p = proj₁ (splitAt (toℕ n) (subst (Vec _) p vec))
It works but as you can see it is far less elegant (and it also requires the difference function that you defined) and, more importantly, it uses subst which is often discouraged.
As a side note, and mostly for fun, it's possible to make the function a bit more concise and elegant (but less understandable) as follows:
open import Function
takeFin : ∀ {A : Set} {m} {n : Fin m} → Vec A m → Vec A (toℕ n)
takeFin {n = n} = proj₁ ∘ (splitAt (toℕ n)) ∘ (subst (Vec _) (proj₂ (difference _ n)))
This version, while a lot more complicated to read, shows how powerful Agda is in inferring the values of parameters, as only n is explicitly given.
Why do function composition (∘) and application ($) have the implementation as available in https://github.com/agda/agda-stdlib/blob/master/src/Function.agda#L74-L76?
Copied here for convenience:
_∘_ : ∀ {a b c}
{A : Set a} {B : A → Set b} {C : {x : A} → B x → Set c} →
(∀ {x} (y : B x) → C y) → (g : (x : A) → B x) →
((x : A) → C (g x))
f ∘ g = λ x → f (g x)
_∘'_ : ∀ {a b c} {A : Set a} {B : Set b} {C : Set c} →
(B → C) → (A → B) → (A → C)
f ∘' g = λ x → f (g x)
_$_ : ∀ {a b} {A : Set a} {B : A → Set b} →
((x : A) → B x) → ((x : A) → B x)
f $ x = f x
_$'_ : ∀ {a b} {A : Set a} {B : Set b} →
(A → B) → (A → B)
f $' x = f x
I initially thought the rationale behind this was that $ would be able to handle higher order types that $' wouldn't be able to handle. For example, consider A=Nat, B=List, f is ::, where B depends on A. But after a lot of testing, I couldn't come up with an example that would show that the implementation of $' is not sufficient. What scenarios does $ handle that $' isn't able to handle? (Similarly, what scenarios does ∘ handle that ∘' doesn't?
open import Agda.Builtin.Nat public
open import Agda.Primitive public
--data List {a} (A : Set a) : Set a where
-- [] : List A
-- _∷_ : (x : A) (xs : List A) → List A
data Vec {a} (A : Set a) : Nat → Set a where
[] : Vec A zero
_∷_ : ∀ {n} (x : A) (xs : Vec A n) → Vec A (suc n)
tail : ∀ {a n} {A : Set a} → Vec A (suc n) → Vec A n
tail (x ∷ s) = s
_$_ : ∀ {a b} {A : Set a} {B : A → Set b} →
((x : A) → B x) → ((x : A) → B x)
f $ x = f x
_$'_ : ∀ {a b} {A : Set a} {B : Set b} →
(A → B) → (A → B)
f $' x = f x
_∘_ : ∀ {a b c}
{A : Set a} {B : A → Set b} {C : {x : A} → B x → Set c} →
(∀ {x} (y : B x) → C y) → (g : (x : A) → B x) →
((x : A) → C (g x))
f ∘ g = λ x → f (g x)
_∘'_ : ∀ {a b c} {A : Set a} {B : Set b} {C : Set c} →
(B → C) → (A → B) → (A → C)
f ∘' g = λ x → f (g x)
Vecc : ∀ {a} → Nat → (A : Set a) → (Set a)
Vecc x y = Vec y x
data Pair {a b} (A : Set a) (B : A → Set b) : Set (a ⊔ b) where
_,_ : (x : A) → (y : B x) → Pair A B
-- Dependent Pair attempt
--fst : ∀ {a b} {A : Set a} {B : A → Set b} → Pair A B → A
--fst (a , b) = a
--
--f : Pair Nat $' Vec Nat
--f = _,_ zero $' []
--
--g : Pair (Pair Nat $' Vec Nat) $' λ x → Nat
--g = _,_ (_,_ zero $' []) $' zero
-- Some other attempt
--f : ∀ {a n} {A : Set a} → Vec A ((suc ∘' suc) n) → Vec A n
--f {a} = tail {a} ∘' tail {a}
-- Vec attempt
--f : ∀ {a} (A : Set a) → (Set a)
--f {a} = Vecc {a} (suc zero) ∘' Vecc {a} (suc zero)
--
--h = f Nat
--
--x : h
--x = (zero ∷ []) ∷ []
-- List attempt
--f : ∀ {a} (A : Set a) → (Set a)
--f {a} = List {a} ∘' List {a}
--
--g : ∀ {a} (A : Set a) → (Set a)
--g {a} = List {a} ∘ List {a}
--
--h = f Nat
--i = g Nat
--
--x : h
--x = (zero ∷ []) ∷ []
∘′ and $′ don't work with dependent functions. You simply didn't try any tests with dependent functions. For f $ x examples, f must be dependent, for f ∘ g, either of the functions must be dependent. Example:
open import Data.Nat
open import Data.Vec
open import Function
open import Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality
replicate' : {A : Set} → A → (n : ℕ) → Vec A n
replicate' a n = replicate a
refl' : {A : Set}(a : A) → a ≡ a
refl' a = refl
-- fail1 : Vec ℕ 10
-- fail1 = replicate' 10 $′ 10
ok1 : Vec ℕ 10
ok1 = replicate' 10 $ 10
-- fail2 : ∀ n → replicate' 10 n ≡ replicate' 10 n
-- fail2 = refl' ∘′ replicate' 10
ok2 : ∀ n → replicate' 10 n ≡ replicate' 10 n
ok2 = refl' ∘ replicate' 10
One works with dependent functions, the other doesn't, as Andras Kovacs mentioned.
The important difference is that for non-dependent functions stronger proofs can be constructed. For example:
eq : {A B} -> f : (A -> B) -> x y : A -> x == y -> (f x) == (f y)
eq f x .x refl = refl
Here we can construct equality of f x and f y. But we can't do the same for dependent functions - because there is no way to prove B x == B y. So there is only a weaker proof that f x can be "cast" to f y.
transport : {A} {B : A -> Set} -> f : (x : A -> B x) -> x y : A -> x == y -> f x -> f y
transport f x .x refl fx = fx
(Actually, transport is usually defined as B x -> B y, not for a dependent function; but I just can't come up with a better name)
I found handy a function:
coerce : ∀ {ℓ} {A B : Set ℓ} → A ≡ B → A → B
coerce refl x = x
when defining functions with indexed types. In situations where indexes are not definitionally equal i,e, one have to use lemma, to show the types match.
zipVec : ∀ {a b n m } {A : Set a} {B : Set b} → Vec A n → Vec B m → Vec (A × B) (n ⊓ m)
zipVec [] _ = []
zipVec {n = n} _ [] = coerce (cong (Vec _) (0≡n⊓0 n)) []
zipVec (x ∷ xs) (y ∷ ys) = (x , y) ∷ zipVec xs ys
Note, yet this example is easy to rewrite so one don't need to coerce:
zipVec : ∀ {a b n m } {A : Set a} {B : Set b} → Vec A n → Vec B m → Vec (A × B) (n ⊓ m)
zipVec [] _ = []
zipVec (_ ∷ _) [] = []
zipVec (x ∷ xs) (y ∷ ys) = (x , y) ∷ zipVec xs ys
Sometimes pattern matching doesn't help though.
The question: But I wonder, whether something like that functions is already in agda-stdlib? And is there something like hoogle for Agda, or something like SearchAbout?
I don't think there is exactly your coerce function. However, it's a special case of a more general function - subst (the substitutive property of equality) from Relation.Binary.PropositionalEquality:
subst : ∀ {a p} {A : Set a} (P : A → Set p) {x y : A}
→ x ≡ y → P x → P y
subst P refl p = p
If you choose P = id (from Data.Function, or just write λ x → x), you get:
coerce : ∀ {ℓ} {A B : Set ℓ} → A ≡ B → A → B
coerce = subst id
By the way, the most likely reason you won't find this function predefined, is that Agda deals with coerces like that through rewrite:
postulate
n⊓0≡0 : ∀ n → n ⊓ 0 ≡ 0
zipVec : ∀ {a b n m} {A : Set a} {B : Set b}
→ Vec A n → Vec B m → Vec (A × B) (n ⊓ m)
zipVec [] _ = []
zipVec {n = n} _ [] rewrite n⊓0≡0 n = []
zipVec (x ∷ xs) (y ∷ ys) = (x , y) ∷ zipVec xs ys
This is a syntactic sugar for the more complicated:
zipVec {n = n} _ [] with n ⊓ 0 | n⊓0≡0 n
... | ._ | refl = []
If you are familiar with how with works, try to figure out how rewrite works; it's quite enlightening.