I am trying to train a SVM Classifier and use the same for Human Detection. I have around 3000 positive and 3000 negative samples to be used for training. HOG Features are used for feature Extraction (I am not making use of any OpenCV Code for HOG, rather histograms are calculated using separate piece of C++ Code). But for training and prediction I am relied on OpenCV SVM.train() and SVM.predict() classes.
When I run the Code, I get the SVM Classifier dumped (using "SVM.save"), but when i use the same for predicting the Images (Here i am using the same Images which were used for training) i see almost all the Negative Images are falsely-classified as positive.
I even tried varying the "CvSVMParams params", but it did not yield me any result.
The params used were :
params.svm_type = CvSVM::C_SVC;
params.kernel_type = CvSVM::RBF;
params.term_crit = cvTermCriteria( CV_TERMCRIT_ITER+CV_TERMCRIT_EPS, 1000, FLT_EPSILON);
Any suggestions/advice on this would be of great help.
Thanks in Advance.
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I am new to machine learning and openCV. I have taken a set of 10 images for each emotion(neutral and happy) from Cohn-Kanade face database. Then I have extracted the facial features from each image and put them in my trainingData Matrix and assigned the label for the respective emotion (Example: 0 for neutral and 1 for happy).
I have used the RBF kernel with gamma = 0.1 and C = 1. Once trained, I am passing the facial features extracted from the live camera frames from a smartphone camera for prediction. The prediction always returns 1.
If I increase the number of training samples for neutral expression(example: 15 neutral expression images and 10 happy expression images), then the prediction always returns 0 and if there are equal number of images for each expression in the training samples, then SVM prediction always returns 1.
Why is the SVM behaving this way? How to check if I am using the right values for gamma and C? Also, does SVM depend on the resolution of training images and testing images?
I would request you to upload the SVM function so we can understand your code. Secondly, I have used SVM before and you need to normalize the training data and the labels. You should also make sure you are using the correct classifier as not all classifiers are supported. Follows this link for some tutorials http://docs.opencv.org/3.0-beta/modules/ml/doc/support_vector_machines.html
For answering your other questions, unfortunately you have to find the best combination for gamma and C yourself, which is kind of the drawback of SVM. https://www.quora.com/What-are-C-and-gamma-with-regards-to-a-support-vector-machine
Yes, the SVM does depend on the resolution as your features/feature vectors would change depending on the resolution and hence the inputs and the labels.
P.S. This should ideally be in comments but unfortunately i don't have enough points to do that.
I am new to hog, I am using opencv2.4.4 and visual studio 2010, i am running the sample peopledetect.cpp in the package and its compiling and running, but i want to understand the the source code in detail.In peopledetect.cpp is hog descriptors constructed/ already trained for peopledetection 3780 vectors are fed into svm classifier? when i try to debug the peopledetect.cpp i could only find HOGDescriptor creates hog descriptor and detector, i basically doesnt understand what this API does HOGDescriptor as i see peopledetect.cpp doesnt go through the steps of hog processing, it loads the already trained vectors to svm classifier to detect people/no people, am i wrong?. As there is no documentation about this.
Can anyone please brief about this.
The implementation of People Detection algorithm in opencv is based on HOG descriptors as features and SVM as classifier.
1. A training database (positives samples as person, negatives samples as non-person) is used to learn to SVM parameters (it computes and store the support vectors). Cross-validation is also perform (I assume) to optimize the soft margin parameter C and the kernel parameters (it could be linear kernel).
2. To detect people on testing video data, peopledetect.cpp loads the pre-learnt SVM, computes the HOG descriptors on different positions and scales, then merges the windows with high detection scores (outputs of binary SVM classifer).
Here is a good paper (inria) to start with.
Coming to more clearer answer, peopledetect.cpp goes through all the hog steps.
digging deeper i was more clear. Basically if you debug peopledetect.cpp goes through these steps.
Initially image is divided into several scales, scale0(1.05) is coefficient for detection window increase. For each scale of the image features are extracted from window and a classifier window is run, like above it follows scale-space pyramid method. So its pretty big computational process, very expensive, so opencv team has tried to parallelise for each scale.
I was baffled before why i was not able to debug/go through the steps, This parallel_for_(Range(0, (int)levelScale.size()),HOGInvoker()) creates several threads where each thread works on each scale, depends how much threads or created something like this.
because of this i was not able to debug, what i did was freeze all the threads and debug only the main thread. for different scales of the image hog processing steps are
Here in peopledetect.cpp hog and classifier window are kinda combined.In a single window(64x128) both feature extraction and running classifier takes place. After this is done for each scale of the image. There are a number of pedestrian windows of different scales are often associated with this region, this is grouped using grouprectangle() function
Training SVM consist to find parameters of the max margin between postive and negative samples.
if the same feature extraction is done for 1000+ negative and positive sample there is must be millions of features rite?
Yes. These coefficient are extracted from training databases. You don't have them. SVM stores only support vectors which are sufficient to characterise the margin. See dual form of linear SVM for example.
a number of pedestrian windows of different scales are often associated with the region
True. A merging function is apply. Different methods (such groupRectangles(..)) are available (see here) and take in arguments parameters given to detectMultiScale(..).
What i understood from different papers is that feature extraction using hog is done using several positive and negative images, these features which were extracted is fed to Linear SVM to train them,So peopledetect.cpp uses this trained linear SVM sample, so This feature extraction process is not done by peopledetect.cpp i.e HOGDescriptor::getDefaultPeopleDetector() consists of coefficients of the classifier trained for people detection. The features extracted from hog detection/window(64x128)gives a total of length 3780(4 cells x 9 bins x 7 x 15 blocks = 3780) features. These features are then used to train a linear SVM classifier. If the same feature extraction is done for 1000+ negative and positive sample there is must be millions of features rite? How do we get these co-efficients?
But The HOG descriptors are known to contain redundant information because of the different detection window sizes being used. So when the SVM classifier classifies a region as “pedestrian”, a number of pedestrian windows of different scales are often associated with the region. what peopledetect.cpp mainly does is (hog.detectMultiScale(img, found, 0, Size(8,8), Size(32,32), 1.05, 2);) The detection window is scanned across the image at all positions and scales, and conventional non-maximum suppression is run on the output pyramid to detect object instances.
I am trying to classify the yard digits on the football field. I am able to detect them (different method) well. I have a minimal bounding box drawn around the tens place digits '1,2,3,4,5'. My goal is to classify them.
Ive been trying to train an SVM classifier on hog features I extract from the training set. A small subset of my training digits are here: http://ssadanand.imgur.com/all/
While training, I visualize my hog descriptors and they look correct. I use a 64X128 training window and other default parameters that OPencv's HOGDescriptor uses.
Once I train my images (50 samples per class, 5 classes), I have a 250X3780 training vector and 1X250 label vector which holds the class label values which I feed to a CvSVM object. Here is where I have a problem.
I tried using the default CvSVMParams() while using CvSVM. Terrible performance when tested on the training set itself!
I tried customizing my CvSVMPARAMS doing this:
CvSVMParams params = CvSVMParams();
params.svm_type = CvSVM::EPS_SVR;
params.kernel_type = CvSVM::POLY;
params.C = 1; params.p = 0.5; params.degree = 1;
and different variations of these parameters and my SVM classifier is terribly even when I test on the training set!
Can somebody help me out with parameterizing my SVM for this 5 class classifier?
I don't understand which kernel and what svm type I must use for this problem. Also, how in the world am I supposed to find out the values of c, p, degree for my svm?
I would assume this is an extremely easy classification problem since all my objects are nicely bounded in a box, fairly good resolution, and the classes i.e.: the digits 1,2,3,4,5 are fairly unique in appearance. I don't understand why my SVM is doing so poorly. What am I missing here?
A priori and without experimentation, it's very hard to give you some good parameters but I can give you some ideas.
First, you want to model a multi class classifier but you are using a regression algorithm, not that you can't do that but usually is easier if you start with C-SVM first.
Second, I would recommend to use RBF instead of a Polynomial kernel. Poly is very hard to get it right and usually RBF would do a better job out of the box.
Third, I would play with several values of C, don't be shy and try a bigger C (such as 100) which would force the algorithm to pick more SVs. It can lead to overfitting but if you can't even make the algorithm to learn the training set that's not your immediate problem.
Fourth, I would reduce the dimension of the images at first and then if needed, when you have a more stable model, you could try with that dimension again.
I really recommend you to read LibSVM guide which is very easy to follow http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/guide/guide.pdf
Hope it helps!
EDIT:
I forgot to mention, that a good way to pick parameters for SVM is to perform cross-validation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)
http://www.autonlab.org/tutorials/overfit10.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hihuMBCuSlU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5StqDv-YlM
EDIT2:
I know is silly because it's on the title of the question, but I didn't realize you were using HOG descriptors until you pointed out on the comments.
I am using CvSVM to classify only two types of facial expression. I used LBP(Local Binary Pattern) based histogram to extract features from the images, and trained using cvSVM::train(data_mat,labels_mat,Mat(),Mat(),params), where,
data_mat is of size 200x3452, containing normalized(0-1) feature histogram of 200 samples in row major form, with 3452 features each(depends on number of neighbourhood points)
labels_mat is corresponding label matrix containing only two value 0 and 1.
The parameters are:
CvSVMParams params;
params.svm_type =CvSVM::C_SVC;
params.kernel_type =CvSVM::LINEAR;
params.C =0.01;
params.term_crit=cvTermCriteria(CV_TERMCRIT_ITER,(int)1e7,1e-7);
The problem is that:-
while testing I get very bad result (around 10%-30% accuracy), even after applying with different kernel and train_auto() function.
CvSVM::predict(test_data_mat,true) gives 'NaN' output
I will greatly appreciate any help with this, it's got me stumped.
I suppose, that your classes linearly hard/non-separable in feature space you use.
May be it will be better to apply PCA to your dataset before classifier training step
and estimate effective dimensionality of this problem.
Also I think it will be userful test your dataset with other classifiers.
You can adapt for this purpose standard opencv example points_classifier.cpp.
It includes a lot of different classifiers with similar interface you can play with.
The SVM generalization power is low.In the first reduce your data dimension by principal component analysis then change your SVM kerenl type to RBF.
I have a large set of plant images labeled with the botanical name. What would be the best algorithm to use to train on this dataset in order to classify an unlabel photo? The photos are processed so that 100% of the pixels contain the plant (e.g. either closeups of the leaves or bark), so there are no other objects/empty-space/background that the algorithm would have to filter out.
I've already tried generating SIFT features for all the photos and feeding these (feature,label) pairs to a LibLinear SVM, but the accuracy was a miserable 6%.
I also tried feeding this same data to a few Weka classifiers. The accuracy was a little better (25% with Logistic, 18% with IBk), but Weka's not designed for scalability (it loads everything into memory). Since the SIFT feature dataset is a several million rows, I could only test Weka with a random 3% slice, so it's probably not representative.
EDIT: Some sample images:
Normally, you would not train on the SIFT features directly. Cluster them (using k-means) and then train on the histogram of cluster membership identifiers (i.e., a k-dimensional vector, which counts, at position i, how many features were assigned to the i-th cluster).
This way, you obtain a single output per image (and a single, k-dimensional, feature vector).
Here's the quasi-code (using mahotas and milk in Pythonn):
from mahotas.surf import surf
from milk.unsupervised.kmeans import kmeans,assign_centroids
import milk
# First load your data:
images = ...
labels = ...
local_features = [surfs(im, 6, 4, 2) for im in imgs]
allfeatures = np.concatenate(local_features)
_, centroids = kmeans(allfeatures, k=100)
histograms = []
for ls in local_features:
hist = assign_centroids(ls, centroids, histogram=True)
histograms.append(hist)
cmatrix, _ = milk.nfoldcrossvalidation(histograms, labels)
print "Accuracy:", (100*cmatrix.trace())/cmatrix.sum()
This is a fairly hard problem.
You can give BoW model a try.
Basically, you extract SIFT features on all the images, then use K-means to cluster the features into visual words. After that, use the BoW vector to train you classifiers.
See the Wikipedia article above and the references papers in that for more details.
You probably need better alignment, and probably not more features. There is no way you can get acceptable performance unless you have correspondences. You need to know what points in one leaf correspond to points on another leaf. This is one of the "holy grail" problems in computer vision.
People have used shape context for this problem. You should probably look at this link. This paper describes the basic system behind leafsnap.
You can implement the BoW model according to this Bag-of-Features Descriptor on SIFT Features with OpenCV. It is a very good tutorial to implement the BoW model in OpenCV.